Anokudzwa magasi ekudzidza maitiro uye basa ravo mumaindasitiri

Mukati memakemikari, pane zvinhu zvisingaverengeke zvinogona kana kusabatana. Kune simbi, zvisina kusimbi, lanthanides uye actinides, shanduko simbi uye alkaline pasi; uye zvechokwadi tinazvo chimwe chezvinhu zvemakemikari Kuna isu isu hatina kuteerera zvakanyanya panguva yemakemikari makirasi, uye zvakatonyanya kana zvasvika pakufambira mberi nehupenyu hwedu. Ndiri kutaura, hongu, nezvemweya wakanaka.

Izvi zvinhu izvo, sezvo zvisingawanzoitika munharaunda, hatigone kuongorora zvakawandisa. Pano tichadzidza nezve nhoroondo yemagasi anokudzwa, mashandisiro awo uye zvivakwa, pamwe nezvimwe zvinoda kuziva. Gara pano uye dzidza zvinhu zvinotonhorera pamusoro pemagasi akanaka.

Ngatisvikei kuziva magasi

Ivo iboka remakemikari makomputa ane akafanana zvakafanana zvivakwa kune mumwe nemumwe. Semuenzaniso, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akajairika haana ruvara, hainhuhwi, monatomic gasi, uye ane yakaderera kwazvo makemikari reactivity. Aya ari muboka nhamba 18 yetafura ye periodic, uye anozivikanwa se: Helium, neon, Xenon, Argon, Krypton, radioactive: Radon, uye maitiro: Oganeson.

Izvo zvivakwa zvinogona kutsanangurwa nazvino dzidziso dzazvino pamaatomu mamiriro. Valentron electron shell yavo inoonekwa seyakakwana, izvo zvinovapa maitiro akaganhurika ekutora chikamu mukuchinja kwemakemikari, uye ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei vasinganyatsonzwisiswa. Muchokwadi, mashoma mashoma macompound gasi akagadzirwa kusvika nhasi.

Ndekupi kwatinowana magasi akanaka?

Tinowana neon, argon, xenon uye krypton kubva mumhepo tichishandisa fractional distillation uye liquefaction nzira. Helium inowanikwa mune gasi rechisikigo, uko kwainofanirwa kuve kwakaparadzaniswa. Uye radon inowanikwa kuburikidza neyakaora radioactive yemakemikari akaputswa muRadium.

Uye Oganeson chinhu chakagadzirwa chakagadzirwa mugore ra2002, uye chakawana zita rayo reIUPAC muna2016. Inozivikanwa nekuve chinhu chinoshanda pamwe nekusagadzikana, saka hapana basa rakawanda rakaitwa nacho.

Aya magasi ave nekushandisa kwakakosha kwazvo muminda yekuvhenekesa, kuwelda uye kuongorora nzvimbo. Trimix, inova mhinduro ye helium-oxygen-nitrogen, inoshandiswa kuitira kuti vamwe vasatambura narcotic mhedzisiro yeitrogen mune zvakadzika. Chii chimwe, mushure mekuziva njodzi dzinogona kutsva dzehydrogen, izvi zvakatsiviwa ne helium mukugadzirwa kwema airship uye anopisa emhepo mabhaluni.

Zvivakwa zveaya magasi

Magasi anokudzwa anowana zita ravo kubva kududziro kubva kuGerman edelgas, zita rakashandiswa kekutanga muna 1898 nemakemikari Hugo Erdman. Ine zita iri yakatsvaga kureva kune yakaderera reactivity chiyero yezvinhu izvi. Muchokwadi, izvi ndizvo zvidiki zvisingabvumirwe zvinhu zvinozivikanwa, zvakanyanya zvekuti ivo vanoita kunge vane inert kana isiri-inoshanda.

Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ivo vane yakakwana valence ganda rinovasiya vaine hushoma huremu hwekuburitsa maerekitironi uye kuita kwavo hunhu padyo neiyo chaiyo gasi.

Kazhinji, magasi akanaka anogoverana akasiyana zvivakwa.

• Izvo zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi: Kuva magasi, haina kana simbi inovhara mukati mayo kuumbika. Panguva imwecheteyo ivo havagone kupindura nezvimwe simbi.
• Izvo hazvina ruvara uye hazvina hwema: kunyangwe ivo vachigona kupihwa mavara kune mababu nemarambi inogadzirwa nemagasi aya achishandisa magetsi, iwo ekutanga haana ruvara, uye hainhuhwi.
• Ivo vane yakazara valence dura: Neon, xenon, argon, krypton, uye radon zvine maerekitironi masere mugoko ravo rekupedzisira. Kune chikamu chayo, helium ine maerekitironi maviri. Nenzira iyi, magasi anokudzwa ane yakazara valence ganda. Ndokusaka, mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, zvinhu izvi zvisingaumbe zvinongedzo.
• Ivo varipo semonatomic gasi: Sezvinonzwisiswa, zvinhu izvi, kunyangwe hombe atomiki, zvine atomu imwe chete.

• Izvo zvinenge zvisingaite: Nekuda kwehunyoro hwavo hwakazara uye kuoma kwavo mukuendesa maerekitironi, vanoonekwa sevasina basa.

• Ivo vanoita magetsi uye vanogadzira fluorescence: Kunyange iri yakadzika kwazvo, aya magasi anokwanisa kuitisa magetsi, uye mukuita kudaro anopenya phosphorescently.

• Ivo vane yakaderera kunyauka uye kufashaira poindiAya magasi anokudzwa ane zvakadzika kwazvo zvinonyungudika uye zvinowira mapoinzi.

• Ivo vane yakaderera kwazvo electronegativity: izvi zvinhu zvakaderera zvakanyanya electronegative

• Ivo vane yakakwira ionization simba: Yisoni yako ionization simba ndiyo yepamusoro soro munguva yako.
• Hazvipisike: Kunyangwe nekuda kwemukombe unopisa wehydrogen, yakatsiviwa neheliamu mukugadzira maairship nemabhaluni.

Sezvazvakaita neactivity, masimba avo eatomatiki zvakare haana kusimba, ndosaka vaine hunyoro hunyunguduka uye hunotonhora, uye ese magasi emonatomic pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, kusanganisira magasi ane yakakura maatomu mashoma.

Helium ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvisina imwe gasi inokudzwa kana chimwe chinhu chiri patafura ye periodic. Yake poindi yekunyunguduka ndiyo yakadzika kwazvo mune zvese zvinozivikanwa, kunze kwekuva chinhu chega chine mamiriro ekuwedzera; nyika ine nyaya iri mune yemvura mamiriro, asi inogona kumhanya isina kurasikirwa neinetic simba. Helium inoda kumanikidzwa kwe25atm uye tembiricha -272ºC kuti igone kusimbisa.

Yadzo yakazara valence shell inoonawo kune aya magasi ane yakakwira ionization kugona (yakakwira kwazvo mune iyo periodic tafura). uye haigone kuumba ions zviri nyore, iyo inoratidza kugadzikana kwayo mukugadziriswa kwayo kwemagetsi.

Ionization simba rinodzikira sezvo boka rinodzikira, sezvo iro reatomu nharaunda rinowedzera uye maalence maerekitironi ari kure kure nekosi uye nekudaro kushoma kukwezva kwariri. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kuti, kunyangwe nguva yayo iri yepamusoro-soro, mamwe magasi akanaka ane simba rakaenzana ionization kune izvo zvimwe zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, iyo ionization simba re xenon rakaenzana neionization simba reoksijeni.

Zvishandiso zveaya magasi

Nekuve neakaderera kufashaira uye nekunyungudika mapoinzi, ivo vanonyanya kubatsira mukugadzira firiji michina, uye inoita kuti ive inoshanda se cryogenic mafriji zvakare.

Liquid helium, iyo inovira pa4,2K (-268,93ºC) inoshandiswa mukugadzira magineti makuru, senge iwo anoshandiswa kuita magnetic resonance imaging uye nyukireya magnetic resonance.

Liquid neon, kunyangwe isinga svike kune yakaderera tembiricha yemvura helium, ine zvimwe zvinoshandiswa mu cryogenics, sezvo iine kugona Kanokwana makumi mana kutonhora kupfuura mvura helium uye zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura izvo zvemvura hydrogen.

Helium inoshandiswa sechinhu chemweya unofema kutsiva nitrogen, nekuda kwayo pasi solubility mune zvinwiwa, kunyanya mu lipids. Gasi dzinopinzwa muropa uye munyama nyama kana paine kumanikidza, senge scuba diving, iyo inogadzira anesthetic athari inonzi yakadzika kurwara. Nekuda kwekunyungudika kwayo kushoma, helium diki inopinda muchitokisi, izvo zvinobatsira kudzora narcotic mhedzisiro.

Nekuda kwekudzika kwayo kupisa uye kureruka, uye mushure mekuitika kweHindenburg muna 1937, helium yakatsiva hydrogen mukugadzirwa kwemafuta, kunyangwe paine kurasikirwa kwekuwedzera kwe8,6%

Aya magasi anoshandiswa pakuvhenekera nekuda kwekuita kwawo. Mukugadzirwa kwema incandescent bulbs musanganiswa we argon uye nitrogen unoshandiswa kuzadza iwo. Krypton inoshandiswa mumabhuru epamusoro ekushandasenge mwenje ye halogen, ine tembiricha yepamusoro uye inoshanda zvakanyanya.

Xenon inowanzo shandiswa mumwenje ye xenon, iyo, nekuzadzisa mwenje wakaenzana wakaita sezuva, unoshandiswa muma projekita efirimu pamwe nemarambi emota.

Mukurapa, helium inoshandiswa kuvandudza kupfava kwekufema mune varwere vechirwere. Xenon inogona kushandiswa seanesthetic Nekuda kwekunyungudika kwayo kwakanyanya mu lipids, izvo zvinoita kuti ibudirire kupfuura yakajairwa nitrous oxide, uye sezvo iri nyore kubviswa nemuviri, inobvumira kukurumidza kupora.

Kubatwa kwemifananidzo kunoitwa nenzira yenyukireya magnetic resonance, ine xenon inosanganiswa nemamwe magasi. Radon, iyo ine radioactive zvakanyanya uye inongowanikwa mune mashoma mashoma, inoshandiswa mukurapa kwe radiation kurapwa.

Kugadzira uye kuwanda

Kuwanda nekureruka panogona kuwanikwa magasi anokudzwa akapindirana zvichienderana nenhamba yemaatomu. Naizvozvo, kuwanda kweaya magasi kunodzikira sezvo nhamba yemaatomu ichiwedzera.

Muchadenga, helium ndiyo yechipiri chinhu chiri nyore kuwana, Mushure mehydrogen, ine huwandu hwehuwandu hweanosvika makumi maviri nemana muzana. Mazhinji eiyo helium mune zvakasikwa yakaumbwa neyekutanga nucleosynthesis, asi huwandu hwayo huri kuwedzera nekuda kwekutora chikamu kwehydrogen mu stellar nucleosynthesis (maitiro anomuka nekuchinja kwenyukireya panguva yekushanduka kwenzara).

Mamwe magasi acho haana kunge akawandisa kana nyore kuwana. Radon, semuenzaniso, inogona kuva fomu mune lithosphere kuburikidza neAlpha kuora kweiyo radium; Zvichakadaro iye xenon akagadzira dzidziso inozivikanwa se "yakashaikwa xenon dzidziso" nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwakaderera mumhepo.

Ngatimbotaurai zvishoma nezveumwe neumwe

• Hélio: Nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwayo kwakadzika, uye nekuti ndicho chinhu chechipiri chiri nyore kuwana, chakakwanisa kutsiva hydrogen sechinhu chinogona kuzadza mabharuni uye zeppelins, nekuti hazviputi kana zvasangana nemoto.
• Neon: Iyi gasi, nekuda kweiyo fluorescence uye yayo tsvuku-orenji hue yakawanikwa painosangana nemagetsi, inoshandiswa kushambadzira. Inowanikwa zviri nyore mumagetsi emagetsi. Neon machubhu nemarambi ane mamwe mavara anowanikwawo, kunyangwe iwo aine mamwe magasi mukati.
• Argon: Iyi gasi inoshandiswa mumarambi emwenje nekuti haiite nemucheka pasi pemamiriro ekushisa uye kumanikidza. Mune machubhu e-fluorescent anogadzira girini-bhuruu ruvara. Inoshandiswawo mumunda weindasitiri kudzivirira kusada kuita makemikari.
• Krypton: Inoshandiswa pamwe chete nemamwe magasi mukugadzira uye kugadzira marambi mwenje yendege, nekuda kwesimba remwenje mutsvuku wakaburitswa; inogona zvakare kushandiswa mu cinema projekita. Iko kushandiswa kwekrypton kunobatsirawo mukuvhiya laser retina.
• Xenon: iko kushandiswa kukuru kweXenon ndiko kujekesa kwechiedza chinoburitsa chine bactericidal hunhu; luminous machubhu, mafoto anopenya, uye zvakare mune fluorescent machubhu ane kugona kufadza iyo ruby ​​laser.
• Radon: Iyi gasi inogadzirwa neyakaora radioactive yeuanium kune radio. Nekuda kweizvi uye nekuti ine radioactive kwazvo, ine mashoma mashandisiro muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kufungisisa 

Kunyangwe ivo vakanyorwa zvakati zvakaoma kuwana mune zvakasikwa mamiriro (kunze kwekunge helium), uye nekuti ivo vanogadzira kana kubvumira kuita kushoma nawo, magasi anokosha akakomberedzwa akakosha atinogona kuona, uye kunyange kushandisa zuva nezuva.

Zvichida mashandisiro avo akaganhurirwa kuminda chaiyo, asi izvo hazvireve kuti hazvina basa zvachose. Kubva pakubatidza dzimba dzedu mumagetsi nemarambi, kusvika pakuchengeta chikafu chedu patinoshandiswa mumafiriji, kusvika ponesa hupenyu kana uchishandiswa pakurapaAya magasi, echisikigo kana ekugadzirwa, haasati aratidza zvese zvavanogona kutiitira. Uye ndezvechokwadi kuti, sekutsvagurudza kunoenderera, kushandiswa kwayo kuchave kukuru kwazvo.