Mexico Republic ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yaive nevamwe chekare uye chakasarudzika budiriro muAmerica, inozivikanwa seMesoamerican tsika nekuda kwedunhu rekondinendi yeAmerica inosanganisira ese maodzanyemba eMexico nenzvimbo dzeGuatemala, El Salvador, Belize nematunhu ekumadokero eRepublic of Nicaragua, Honduras neCosta Rica.
Idzi tsika dzakachengetedzwa nekufamba kwenguva kwete chete nebasa revaongorori. Pamusoro pazvose, zvave zvichikonzerwa nematanho avakasiya nekufambira mberi kwavo munzvimbo dzakasiyana senge kurima, hunyanzvi, kuvaka, masvomhu, pakati pevamwe.
Hunhu hwetsika dzeMesoamerica
Hunhu hwakatanhamara hwakagovaniswa netsika dzevaMesoamerica mashandisirwo emakendende (rimwe rekurima remazuva mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nerimwe remamwe mazuva makumi matatu nematanhatu), chinyorwa chemifananidzo neyechinyorwa; cocoa nezvirimwa zvechibage, zvekupedzisira zvakare zviri kuita chirongwa chinonzi nixtamalization, kushandura chikafu kuita huremu.
Zvimwe zvakafanana zvemhando maficha ndeaya kunamatwa kwamwari neavo vaitonga zvavanotenda uye zvavari; zvibayiro zvevanhu, tsika yemitambo senge zvipiriso, kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzemhemberero (piramidhi chimiro), kujekesa kwezvidhori (kunyanya zvevakadzi kuti vanamate kubereka) nehurongwa hwehumwari.
Kunyangwe akasiyana akasiyana peculiarities, yega yega tsika yaive nenzira yayo yekushandisa nekuvandudza zvinhu; kuve zvimwe zvakakosha kupfuura vamwe nekuda kwechiyero uye yakanyanya sampuli.
Mukuferefeta kwekutanga, kusanganisira izvo zve Christian duverger, vakafunga kuti maAztec akakwira pamusoro pechinyorwa pakati pezvakakosha uye zvakatanhamara, zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakabuda izvo zvakaramba pfungwa dzakadai uye kunyange kuongorora kuti pakanga pasina chinzvimbo chakadai asi kuti tsika dzeMesoamerican dzaive chigadzirwa chakaumbwa nevanhu vanoverengeka uye zvitendero.
Tsika dzakakura
Mayas
Vakanga vari boka revanhu vemunharaunda vaigara kumatunhu eMexico anoti Yucatán, Campeche, Tabasco uye Chiapas, munzvimbo zhinji dzeGuatemala uye zvakare mumatunhu eBelize neHonduras. Kufambidzana kumashure angangoita makore chiuru Kristu asati azvarwa.
Imwe yeakatanhamara hunhu ndeye kusikwa kwe "chete" mutauro wakanyorwa we pre-Columbian America, inozivikanwa se glyphic. Ivo zvakare vakamira kuve ivo ndivo vakapa zvakanyanya mupiro kune hunyanzvi, kuvaka, masvomhu uye nyeredzi masystem. Ivo zvakare vaive nehunyanzvi hwekuti hupfumi hwavo hwaitongwa zvizere nezvekurima uye vairima cocoa, donje, bhinzi, mufarinya, mbatatisi uye kunyanya chibage.
Kana zviri zvekuvakwa kwayo, yaive yakakurisa, akasiyana uye makuru matongo akachengetedzwa munzvimbo dzakaita seCopán, Tikal, Uaxactún, Quiriguá, Bonampak, Tulún uye Chichén Itzá, Palenque, Uxmal neMayapán; kuti vaive mhando yetembere kwaiitwa zvechitendero.
Imwe yenyaya dzakakodzera kuziva nezve budiriro yeMayan nhasi ndeyekuti mumagwaro e14th century akagadzirwa mumutauro wechiMayan neLatin alfabhethi, zvichikonzera nyaya yakakurumbira uye yakakosha nezvenhoroondo yevanhu veMayan uye nekusikwa kwenyika, 'Popol Vuh'.
Nhasi vanhu vekumaruwa veYucatan neGuatemala, kune vazhinji vacho, maMayan. Uye mutauro wavo, uyo unozivikanwawo seYucatecan, unotaurwa nevanhu vangangoita mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu.
VaAztec
Ivo vaive vanhu vasingafarire, vaine humambo hwakagadzwa pakati nepakati nekumaodzanyemba kweMexico kuMesoamerica, kubva muzana ramakore regumi nemana kusvika kunana 14th.
Zvinoenderana neongororo, kugona kumisikidza hutongi hwehutongi hwakasimba kwakakonzerwa nesimba ravakapa kutenda mukutenda kwavo. Imwe yemabasa ake akakurisa ndeaya kusikwa kweguta reTenochtitlán, iri muMexico City, guta guru renyika.
Kana zviri zvekusika zvakanyorwa, pane mabhiriji aibatanidza guta nenyika, pamwe nemigero nemigero yaishandiswa kutakura zvinhu.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti hupfumi hwetsika iyi hwaive hwakavakirwa pamusika. Izvo zvekutengesa zvakatengeswa kuCentral America nenzvimbo dzehumwe humambo hweAztec uye izvi zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nezvibvumirano nenzvimbo dzakakundwa.
Kumwe kuda kuziva ndekwekuti nzanga yebudiriro yavo yakakamurwa kuita mapoka evaranda, vanhuwo zvavo uye vanokudzwa. Uye zano racho raive riri izvo zvinozivikanwa kubva kutsika uye nyaya, ndiko kuti, uranda hwaibhadharwa nevatenzi, ivo vaigona zvakare kutenga rusununguko rwavo, pakati pezvimwe zviito.
Zvishoma zvishoma zvakapamhama
- Olmec tsika: Vanhu vekare vemaOlmec vanobva kumaodzanyemba kweGulf yeMexico vanozivikanwa nekutangisa hupfumi hwekare muMesoamerica, inova Mexico neCentral America. Iyo nguva inodzoka kubva angangoita 1500 kusvika 900 BC Zvinoenderana nekutsvaga, nzvimbo yayo yepakati yaigara dzinenge 18.000 km2, mumasango emabheseni erwizi enzvimbo dzazvino dzeMexico dzeVeracruz neTabasco, inozivikanwa nekudyiwa.
- Tsika dzeZapotec: Dzinotangira pa800 a. of C. muMonte Albán (Mexico), zvichipera mugore ra1521 d. C. apo maMixtec akakunda nzvimbo huru dzeZapotec, nzvimbo yegungwa yePacific Ocean uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweMexico.
Kufanana netsika yeTeotihuacan, iyo Zapotec yaive imwe yeakakura kwazvo mutsika dzeMesoamerica panguva iyoyo. Kuzivikanwa kwake kukuru kunoitirwa kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi neminhenga uye kugadzira zvishongo.
- Tsika dzeTeotihuacan: Chimwe chekuzivikanwa kwake kukuru kusikwa kwetsika yakakosha yepakati pehunyanzvi hwekare hweMexico, muna 200 BC. C. Kugona kuwedzera kune izvo zvava kunzi Guatemala. Zvinonzi danho rakanakisa rebudiriro iri rakaitika pakati pa350 na650 AD. naC.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti budiriro yeTeotihuacan ndiyo imwe yeanonyanya kukurudzira mutsika dzeMesoamerica.
- Toltec tsika: MaToltec vaive vanhu vekuMexico vakatama kubva kuchamhembe kwenzvimbo yava kunzi Mexico, mushure mekuderera (kwakatenderedza 700 AD) yeguta guru reTeotihuacán, uye iyo yakaumba nyika yeuto muTula, makiromita makumi matanhatu kuchamhembe kweMexico City. , muzana remakore rechigumi AD
- Chichimeca tsika: Vakanga vari vanhu vetsika dzakakwirira dzenzvimbo yepakati yeMexico kuvagari venharaunda huru dzekuchamhembe, vaifungidzirwa kunge vekare. Sekureva kwevaongorori, mumutauro weNahuatl izwi rekuti Chichimeca rinogona kureva 'avo vedzinza rembwa'.
- Mixtec tsika: Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti tsika yeMixtec yakatanga kumaodzanyemba kweMexico kubva muzana ramakore rechi9 kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16. Vakamira pabasa ravo mumatombo nesimbi dzakasiyana siyana. Zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwavo, yaive minhenga mosaics, yakashongedzwa polychrome hari, uye machira ekuruka uye embroidery.
Hunyanzvi hwake haugone kupfuurwa uye mitezo yake ine kuzivikanwa kwevanyori vane mukurumbira muMexico.