Atomic modhi inzira ye inomiririra chimiro cheatomu, inovawo inoedza kutsanangura maitiro avanozvibata uye nehunhu hwavo, munhoroondo yese yevanhu, pakave paine akati wandei eaya mamodheru, asi muzivi wekutanga kunyora imwe yeiyi aive Democritus, aifunga kuti atomu iri kanhu kadiki-diki kenyaya, kaiva kasingapatsanurike uye kasingafe.
Anozivikanwa semuzivi uyo anoseka, nekuda kwekuti mune mazhinji emifananidzo yake anowanikwa achinyemwerera, aive pre-Socratic wechiGreek muzivi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu aigara pakati pe460 ne370 BC pakati peXNUMXth uye XNUMXth century BC.
Ndiani Democritus?
Munguva yake aive achizivikanwa nemazita emadunhurirwa akadai saMilesa naAbderita, vakazvarwa muguta reAbdera (Thrace) guta remapurisa echiGreek kuchamhembe kwemuromo werwizi rweNestos, yaive padyo nechitsuwa cheThosos, zita rekuti Democritus rinoshandura kuSpanish semunhu akasarudzwa nevanhu, akazvarwa muna 460 BC, uye akatanga kudzidza kwake panguva yehondo yekurapa nemaGreek, kwaakadzidza nezve dzidziso yebhaibheri uye nyeredzi, achiri mudiki kwazvo.
Kunyangwe aive akararama panguva imwe chete naSocrates, anoonekwa semufilosofi wepamberi weSocrates, chinova chikanganiso chakazara, kunyangwe ichi chaive nemusoro wefizisisi, ukuwo Socrates aitevedzera maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvaimusiyanisa nevazivi venguva iyoyo.
Democritus ndiye ainyanya kuve mudzidzi waLeucippus, uyo akazova mutsivi wake, vese vari venyika imwe chete, uye vachigovana dzidziso zhinji, vakakwanisa kuronga modhi yeatomu iyo nanhasi iri kubatsira, kunyangwe vaine anopfuura zviuru zviviri zvemakore.
Akanga ari mufambi akazvarwa, uye akaita rwendo achipfuura nemumaguta mazhinji netsika dzakasiyana, achidzidza kubva kun'anga dzePezhiya neEjipitori kwaakawana zivo yenzvimbo dzese idzodzo, uye kunyangwe ngano dzaitaurwa nezvake, senge iro rinoti akasvipa kunze kwemeso ake kuti varege kupindira nekufungisisa kwako.
Akararama kusvika 370 BC, akafa ave nemakore makumi mapfumbamwe, kunyange hazvo vazhinji vachibvuma kuti uyu muzivi anozvikudza akawana hupenyu hunopfuura makore zana.
Muhupenyu hwake hwese akange asina hanya nevanhu veAtene, kunyangwe aizivikanwa naAristotle mukuru, aigara achitaura kuti haana kuwana mukurumbira wakakwana, nekuti aisada kuzviwana, uye Socrates haana kumuziva, kunyangwe iye ndakamuziva here.
Nekuda kwekugara achiseka, izvo zvaakataura kuti aiita sekusanzwisisika kwaitorwa nenyika, aizivikanwa semudzidzi anoseka, kana kunyemwerera Abderita, kunoonekwa mumifananidzo yake yakasiyana, uye akakwanisa kuve akapesana kuna Heraclitus uyo aizivikanwa semuzivi anochema, achiratidza maitiro akasiyana zvachose.
Ndeupi muenzaniso weatomiki weDemocritus?
Kuve iye wekutanga maatomu modhi akanyorwa nemuGreek, Democritus akakwanisa kuvandudza pamwe chete nemudzidzisi wake Leucippus, dzidziso yeatomiki yezvose, iyo isina kuvandudzwa senge mamodheru aripo kubudikidza nekuyedza, asi asi, nekufunga zvine musoro uye kunyangwe iyo inonyanya akaitwa aive mudzidzisi wake, zvakaoma kwazvo kuvasiyanisa, nekuti akafanana chaizvo.
Mumuenzaniso wake akaronga kuti maatomu akafanana, anogara nekusingaperi uye haakamuranisike uyezve haaoneke uye haanzwisisike, uyezve iwo haana kusiyaniswa nehunhu hwavo hwemukati, asi nemaumbirwo uye hukuru. Zvese zvinonzwisisa chimiro chechinhu zvinoenderana nemaatomu anoigadzira.
Zita rekuti maatomu rakapihwa naiye pachake, chinova chirevo chechiGiriki chinoshandurwa seicho chisingagoni kuverengwa, zvinova zvinhu zvekutanga zvine hunhu hwekusachinja nekusingaperi, izvo nekuda kwehukuru hwazvo hudiki hazvigone kunzwisiswa nepfungwa dzevanhu.
Democritus achishanda pamwe chete nemurairidzi wake Leucippus, akatsunga kuti kufamba ichi chiitiko chaicho, icho chakapa simba uye inertia izvo zvinoshandiswa mukuyedza kwepanyama kusvikira nhasi, pfungwa yakadaro yaive yevateveri vesangano reatomist, nepo Eleatas akadaro kwete kubvuma izvi sechokwadi.
Mwanakomana aive kuti maatomu akauya pamwechete nekuda kweakasiyana maumbirwo, kunyangwe pakati pawo paive nenzvimbo diki iyo yaibvumidza kusiyanisa pakati pavo, uye nemisiyano yavo, ivo vakangopatsanura kwenguva yakati, zvichikonzerwa nekubonderana pakati pavo uye imwe seti yemaatomu, ayo asina kugara kwenguva refu, nekuti munguva pfupi iri kutevera vaizobatanazve nevamwe, vachiumba muviri mutsva.
Kufambisa kwemaatomu chiitiko chemuzvarirwo, vacharamba vachifamba muchadenga, pamwe vachichinja nzvimbo yavo, asi havana kuzoparadza, vachichengetedza chimiro chavo nekusingaperi, vachitsvaga kuve chikamu chechavo chavo, sekureba sezvinobvira.
Zvese zviripo zvisikwa uye zvinhu zviri muchadenga zvinoumbwa nema seti emaatomu, ayo anonangana pamwe chete kuumba miviri yavo uye mafomu, kunyangwe vazhinji vachiramba kuti chokwadi ichi inyaya yemukana, mune yeatomu modhi yeDemocritus, izvi zvinomuka ne kudiwa kwekubatana pakati pavo, aya mamodheru anosanganisira kufunga kwekunyanya kuda zvinhu, mupfungwa yekuti zvese zvakaumbwa uye zvakagadzirwa inyaya yemukana uye kuita kwecheni kweizvi zvidiki zvidiki zvinozvigadzira.
Aya maatomu ndiwo anoratidza kutaridzika kunogona kucherechedzwa, uye kunyange kupa kugona kuona nekunzwa. Democritus akataura kuti pfungwa dzevanhu dzaive dzakaumbwa nemaatomu akareruka uye akatenderera, nepo iwo muviri waigadzirwa nemaatomu anorema uye akasimba, saizvozvowo ava ndivo vakawana ruzivo uye avo vaikwanisa kunzwa zvese zviripo. it.
Mafirosofera vakaita saAderder anoseka uyu, vakatumira mamodheru avo zvichienderana nekufunga zvine musoro uye kufunga, havana kumbozviita nezviitiko zvekunzwa kana kuyedza. Democritus mune yake modhi, akataura kuti miviri inoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri chete, maatomu anovapa chimiro, uye kushaya pakati pavo.