Kwakatangira hupenyu hwepasi redu chinhu chakavanzika chekuti kusvika parizvino hachina kuburitswa zvine chokwadi uye kwemakumi emakore anga achizadza vanhu nekusaziva. masayendisiti kubva kumatunhu mazhinji; Zvirokwazvo dzidziso dzese dzinonongedzera kuzera risati riri pasi pemamirioni mazana matatu nemazana matatu emafomu ekutanga ehupenyu, vachigovana pfungwa yekuti izvi zvekutanga kuratidzwa kwevanhu vapenyu pasi pano zvakaratidza chimiro chekutanga chekusimudzira nekudyidzana.
Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita kuti vagari vekutanga venyika yedu vabudirire uye vabudirire, pakati pazvo nzira dzakakosha kwazvo dzekubereka dzinomira, kazhinji nhasi muma microorganisms asi akasiyana zvakanyanya neaya emhuka dzemhuka uye mhuka hombe.
Iyi yakasarudzika fomu yekubereka ndeye bipartition kana bhanary fission, uko kudyidzana kwevanhu vaviri vebonde rakasiyana hakuna basa kuti vagovane ma chromosomes, asi mumwechete unicellular munhu anokwanisa kuzvibatanidza. Tevere isu ticharatidza zvese zvakadzama zvebipartition, maitiro ekuberekesa ayo akavimbisa hupenyu hwazvino hwehupenyu.
Kupatsanurana
Pfungwa yakakosha inodzora kubereka kuburikidza nepakati ndeyekuti sero rega rinogona kukamura kuita nyowani, nokudaro richipa nzira yekumutsiridzwa kwemasuru akakosha pakurarama uye kubudirira kwechisikwa.
Ose ari mu kubereka zvepabonde seasexual Maitiro ekupatsanurwa kwemasero akakosha uye anodikanwa nekuti kana zvikasaitika hapana nzira yekuumba munhu mutsva; Zvakasiyana kwazvo inguva nemamiriro ezvinhu umo kupatsanurwa kwesero kunoitika, kubva pamaminitsi gumi kusvika kumavhiki zvinogona kutora sero kuti ripatsanurike zvichienderana nerudzi nemamiriro Bipartition ndiyo yakanyanya kusarudzika maseru sezvo maviri maseru masero akafanana chaizvo kana zvirinani ane yakakwira muzana chikamu cheparity.
Ndezvipi zvisikwa zvinoshandisa bipartition?
Iyi nzira yekuzvara inongoshandiswa chete neumwe unicellular zvisikwa zvidiki zvidiki, izvo, sezvatakambotaura, vakagara pasi redu kubva pakutanga kwehupenyu; pakati pezvimwe zvipenyu ndezvi:
Hutachiona
Iwo maitiro ehupenyu anotarisirwa kuburikidza nesero rimwe chete rinozadzikisa mabasa epakutanga ehupenyu sekuzvarwa, kukura, kupa chikafu, kubereka uye kufa; Aya maseru ndeemhando yeprokaryotic, ndiko kuti, isina yakatsanangurwa nucleus kana membranous nhengo. Saizi yayo idiki uye inogona kusiyanisa pakati pe0.5 ne5 microns mumapapiro emapapiro; mabhakitiriya akakosha kwazvo mumhando dzakasiyana dzekuora pamwe nemuma metabolic macircule akadai semethane.
Archaea
tupukanana tusingaonekwe kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika semhando yebhakitiriya nekuda kwekuita kwavo uye chimiro, zvisinei nekufamba kwenguva zvakatemwa kuti ndezvedunhu rakasiyana zvachose nekuti maitiro avo ekushanduka uye morphology zvakasiyana.
Fission mbiriso
Iwo fungi-yakaita fungi ine zvimiro zveeukaryotic muchitokisi chavo. Ndiyo chete mbiriso fungus iyo inobereka ne bipartition.
Protozoon
Izvo zvipuka zvine sero rimwe zvinokura mu mvura kana nzvimbo yakanyorova, zvikara kana ma autotrophs; Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti havangori ivo chete vanogadzira asexually, asi dzimwe nguva vanogovana magene emhando mune imwe mhando yekubereka pabonde.
Mhando dzebipartition
Oblique
Izvo zvinoitika chaizvo kana chikamu chemasero chinotanga sekureba uye chobva chapfuura kuenda kuchikamu pakati pehurefu nekuyambuka, iyi modality inogona kuitika muma opalinid, microorganisms izvo vanobatsirwa nekugara mu ura hwevamwe amphibians uye mollusks, ine maseru akasarudzika ane akawanda nuclei. Opalinids ine oblique mitsara yecilia, iyo inobatsira iyi mhando yebipartition.
Muchinjikwa
Zvinoitika mune imwe oval-yakaumbwa ciliated protozoa, isingasviki micron muhukuru, uye inokwanisa kudyisa mabacteria uye algae. Kubereka kwevakadzi kune imwe nzvimbo kunoitika kana cytoplasm ichipatsanuka yakatarisa kune akabatana nesimbi.
Longitudinal
Izvo zvinoitika kana sero richipatsanurana kureba kwete kuchinjika. Muenzaniso wakajeka wedanho iri iwo ma flagellates, ane zvimiro inonzi flagella mukati memuviri wako, hunhu hwemasero eukaryotic.
Regular
Iko kupatsanurana kwesero, uko kunovimbisa kugadzirwa kwemasero maviri akaenzana saizi uye akafanana maitiro, padyo nekurongeka.
Dzimwe mhando dzeasexual kubereka
Haisi chete bipartition ndiyo nzira inoshanda yekusika kwehupenyu hutsva kubva kune asexual maonero, kune akawanda marudzi ekuberekesa kuburikidza nemajini muridzi wemunhuMumitsara inotevera tichaona vamwe vanokwikwidza ne binary fission.
Parthenogenesis
Iyi inzira inoita kuti zai kana mukadzi masero ekubereka haadi kunyatsojekeswa kuti atange danho rekuvandudza uye kupatsanurwa kwemasero kunopa hupenyu kune mumwe munhu. Uku kubereka kunokonzereswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sehomoni macircuit, yakamira mwaka nemamiriro ekunze uye inoonekwa mumhando dzakadai sezvipembenene, mamwe madzvinyu, maamphibian, uye mune dzimwe shiri; mune ino kutenderera, kusavapo zvachose kwema chromosomes echirume kunogona kucherechedzwa, kuchipindira mukukudziridza kwemajini
Polyembryony
Zvinoitika kunyanya kana muZygote kana sero rinokonzerwa nekuzvara pabonde, kanopfuura kamwechete "embryo" kunoitwa nekuda kwekuti iro rekutanga "embryo" rakakamurwa kuva mazhinji, izvo zvinovimbisa kubudirira kwechisimba nekusapindirana kwevanhurume. Rudzi rwekubereka urwu runoonekwa serusina kunangana pabonde uye rwunoonekwa mune zvipembenene uye zvipuka zvinosanganisira vanhu.
Kupora
Iyo inoshandisa zvinhu zvinonzi spores senzira yekuzvara, izvo zvakagadzirwa nenzira yekuti vapararire uye vabereke mune zvakatipoteredza, zvinoenderana mamiriro ekunze akanaka uye humvu kuti idzi spores dzinokwanisa kugadzira munhu mutsva.
Mune zvimwe zvirimwa, fungi, algae uye mabhakitiriya mhando iyi yekuberekesa inoonekwa kazhinji, asi kunyanya muzvirimwa maitiro acho anova anonakidza nekuti anogona kuchinjika pasina kuoma pakati pekusvotesa nekupora.
Kuparadzanisa
Icho chimiro chekuberekesa uko vanhu vane multicellular vanozvipatsanura pachavo kuita zvikamu zvinoverengeka vachiumba chisikwa chitsva, chimwe nechimwe chezvimedu zvinoguma zvine kugona kupedzisa budiriro inotungamira mukushandurwa kune imwe nhengo. Earthworms, starfish uye mapuraniani mienzaniso yakajeka yeiyi nzira yekubereka.