Catecholamines hapana chimwe chinopfuura maurotransmitter, pfungwa yatinozotaura nezvayo gare gare, aya anozivikanwa seaminohormones. Tsananguro etymological Catecholamine inogona kutsanangurwa seinotevera: Ivo iboka rezvinhu pakati pazvo adrenaline, norepinephrine uye dopamine inogona kutaurwa, izvi zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kuamino acid inozivikanwa se tyrosine, ndiwo marongedzero eboka rekatechol neboka Kwete. ini.
Mupfungwa iyi, catecholamines (CA) kana maaminohormone zvinogona kunzi ndezvinhu zvese zvinechimiro chavo boka rekateketiki neketani yepadivi neboka reamino. Vanogona kushanda mumuviri wedu sehormone kana semaurotransmitter.
Asi chii chaizvo chinonzi neurotransmitter?
Iyi dudziro inogona kutorwa sekiyi yekunzwisisa zvese zvine chekuita necatecholamine. Mupfungwa iyi, iyo neurotransmitter inogona kutsanangurwa serudzi rwe neuromediator kana meseji, yakati nenzira yesainzi ndeye biomolecule inoita kuti neurotransmission ibvire.
Chii chinonzi neurotransmission?
Icho hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutapurirana kweruzivo kubva kune neuron, ndiko kuti, sero rehurongwa hwemitsipa rinoenda kune imwe neuron, tsandanyama sero kana gland, zvese izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nesynapse, rinova iro bazi rinovaparadzanisa . Catecholamines ine basa rehormone sezvazvinogadzirwa mune adrenal gland uye zvakare mukuguma kwemitsipa, saka vanoonekwa sevanovharira mutsinga.
Yokutanga yeiyi tyrosine, iyo inoshandiswa sosi in catecholaminergic neurons (catecholamine vagadziri). Aya ane mavambo awo kunyanya mumasero echromaffin eadrenal medulla uye mumashure epanglionic tambo dzetsitsi dzinonzwira tsitsi.
Kune catecholamines: norepinephrine uye dopamineIvo vanoita senge maurotransmitter muCentral Nervous System uye semahormone muropa. Catecholamines inowanzo gadzira shanduko yemuviri inogadzirira munhu nemuviri kurwa uye zvimwe zviitiko zvepanyama.
Ukama nezvimwe zvirwere
Zvidzidzo zvakagara zvichiratidza kuti kusagadzikana munzira dzekatecholaminergic nzira kunokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwebipolar uye schizophrenia. Ndichiri mumabasa emota, dopamine inobatanidzwa muchirwere chaPasinson.
Aya ndiwo maitiro akaumbwa catecholamine
Catecholamine biosynthesis inoitwa zvakanyanya maitiro. Yenguva refu-mirau kazhinji inosanganisira huwandu hweanodzora enzymes. Inodzora huwandu hwe tyrosine hydroxylase, uye huwandu hwe dopamine? -Hydroxylase. Dzimwe nguva shanduko dzenguva pfupi dzinodiwa, uye dzinotariswa nenzira dzakasiyana:
Iyo enzyme iyo inokonzeresa iyo rate-inodzora nhanho (tyrosine hydroxylase) inodziviswa neDopa uye dopamine, nekuti vanokwikwidza nebiopterin yekusunga nzvimbo.
Mutemo we tyrosine hydroxylase ne phosphorylation. Muchikamu chega chega chega mune masarine masara (zvinzvimbo 8, 19, 31, 40) ayo ari phosphorylated. Serine masara 19 ne40 anokonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwechiitiko kana iwo ari phorylated. Masara makumi mana ane phosphorylated kunyanya neprotein kinase A, uye 40 neCAM kinase II. Terminal depolarization inowedzera chiitiko che tyrosine hydroxylase sezvo calcium inopinda uye inogonesa kinase enzymes.
Kamwe iyo catecholamines painogadzirwa, inochengetwa mukati meiyo synaptic vesicles inozivikanwa segranular kana dense nucleus vesicles. Mukati mevhenekeri mune zvinhu zvinonzi chromogranins, calcium uye ATP mune yakanyanya kusangana (1000 mM). Catecholamines iri kuomesa nema chromogranins.
Kune zvakare dopamine? -Hydroxylase, ndosaka synthesis ye norepinephrine inoitika mukati meguruva, zvirinani muchikamu. Iyo sisitimu iyo catecholamines inopinda mune iyo vesicles iproton antiport system. Iyo inodiwa proton gradient inoitwa neproton-ATPase yekupomba ma proton mairi, saka pH ingangoita 5,5. Iyi yekutora system ine yakafara substrate yakatarwa. Saka ivo vanogona kukwikwidza neinogumira catecholamines.
Maitiro ekuburitsa catecholamines
Kune akasiyana maitiro anova akakosha pakuburitswa kwecatecholamines, chekutanga isu tine adrenergic receptors (norepinephrine uye adrenaline): Aya maurotransmitter maviri ane mhedzisiro dzakasiyana, izvo zvinotsanangurwa nekuvapo kweanogamuchira akasiyana, ayo ari mumhando yega yega yesero ari zvakabatanidzwa munzira dzakasiyana dzekutakura.
Mumhasuru yakatetepa inogona kuburitsa kudzvinyirira kana? Receptors akaomeswa, uye wozorora kana vachiita pane? 2 receptors. Mune mitsipa yeropa ivo vanogadzira vasoconstriction uye vasorelaxation.
Zvisinei, kusiyana nemidziyo, mubronchi inogadzira bronchodilation. Ndichiri munzira yekugaya inokonzeresa uye kuzorora. Panongo moyo unowedzera kurova kwemoyo uye kusimba kwayo; kuwedzera kubuda kwemoyo.
Adrenergic receptors ane hukama hwakabatana, asi iwo ane akasiyana echipiri vatumwa. Ko ma receptors anogamuchirwa here? Y?; Epinephrine uye norepinephrine maagonist ezvese zvinogamuchirwa, asi izvi zvine maagonist akawanda uye vanopikisa. Iye anogamuchira? inogona kuva? 1 kana? 2. Iyo? 1 inogona kuve A, B, kana D.
Izvi zvitatu zvinosiyana muvadzivisi, nzvimbo, chimiro, uye mashandiro emagetsi (adenylate cyclase). Mune ino kesi, chakakosha ndechekuti adenylate cyclase inokonzeresa kwakasiyana pane yega yega saiti mumuviri. Iyo? vanogona kuva 1, 2 kana 3. Vanosiyana mune vanopikisana, uye hunhu. Asi ese matatu anokurudzira adenylate cyclase.
Kukosha mukushanda kwemazuva ese kwemuviri wemunhu
Aya maurotransmitter anomiririra kukosha kukuru muzviito zvemuviri wedu, sezvo vachishandisa akawanda mabasa. Ivo vanotora chikamu mune ese mairi neural uye endocrine michina.
Imwe yezviitiko izvi ndiyo yavanoshandisa pane yepakati tsinga system yavanodzora kufamba, kugona, manzwiro, kudzidza uye ndangariro. Nezve kushushikana, catecholamines inoita basa rakakosha mumhinduro kwariri, kusunungura zvinhu izvi kana uchinge uchinetseka mumuviri kana mupfungwa
Muna 1990 vaongorori vakafunga kuti padanho remasero, zvinhu izvi zvinoteedzesa zviitiko zveeuronal nekuvhura kana kuvhara migero yeion zvinoenderana neanogamuchira.
Kuvapo kwayo kunozivikanwa sei?
Catecholamine mazinga anogona kutemerwa nekudzidza uye kuyedza ropa uye weti. Muchokwadi, catecholamines inosungirwa kungangoita 50% yemapuroteni muropa.
Kana kutadza kana kudonha mu catecholamine neurotransmission kunoitika, kumwe kushushikana kwetsinga uye neuropsychiatric kunoitwa. Chimwe chazvo kushushikana, kunoenderana yakaderera nhanho yezvinhu izvi, zvinopesana nekushushikana. Kune rimwe divi, dopamine inoita kunge inoita basa rakakosha muzvirwere zvakaita sePasinson uye schizophrenia.
Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuti mwero wekatecholamine unogona kubva patiri kana tikatora imwe dhayeti ine huwandu hwakaringana hwechinhu chinosimudzira iyi neurotransmitter. Kune zvekudya zvine hukuru huvepo hwe phenylalanine senge tsvuku nyama, mazai, hove, mukaka, nhokwe, nyemba, nzungu, nezvimwe.
Mune aspartame, inotapira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yezvikafu, inomiririra zvinopfuura 60% yemusika wepasi rose yeaya ekuwedzera anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinwiwa zvinotapira uye zvigadzirwa zvekudya, inowanikwawo ipapo. Ipo tyrosine inogona kuwanikwa muchizi.
Zvinoita kuti tinzwe sei?
Zvese zvinhu zvinoshanda senge sympathomimetic mahormone. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ivo vanoteedzera mhedzisiro yekusagadzikana pahurombo hwekunzwira tsitsi.
Nenzira yekuti kana zvinhu izvi zvaburitswa muropa, kuwedzera kweropa, kudzvinyirira kukuru kwemhasuru, uye kuwedzera kweshuga yeglucose kunoitika. Zvakare nekumhanyisa kweiyo moyo yekurova uye kufema. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei catecholamines yakakosha mukutanga kurwisa-kana-kupindura mhinduro kumatambudziko.
Catecholamine kuburitswa
Kuti kusunungurwa kwecatecholamine kuitike, kusunungurwa kunodiwa kweacetylcholine kunodiwa. Kuburitswa uku kunogona kuitika, semuenzaniso, patinoona njodzi. Acetylcholine inochengetedza iyo adrenal medulla uye inogadzira akateedzana ezviitiko zvemaseru.
Kana adrenaline ichisimuka, kuwedzera mune izvo zvinonzi contractile simba remwoyo rinogadzirwa. Uye zvakare, kuwanda kwekurova kwemoyo kunowedzera. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kuwedzera kweye oxygen. Nenzira imwecheteyo, ivo vanowedzera mwero wekufema. Uye zvakare, ine yakasimba bronchial yekuzorora mhedzisiro.
Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kuti tizive kuti zvinoita kuti tiite nekukurumidza kuti tikurudzire uye kuti tidzidze nekurangarira zvirinani. Zvisinei, zvakakwirira zvezvinhu izvi zvakabatanidzwa nematambudziko ekuzvidya mwoyo. Nepo mwero wakaderera wedopamine uchiita kunge unokanganisa kutaridzika kwekukanganisa mukutarisa, kudzidza matambudziko uye kushushikana.