Munhu chinhu chakaomarara, icho, kunze kwekugutsa zvido zvaro zvakakosha, zvinodawo tsananguro yehupenyu hwacho uye nekwakatangira. Kubva ipapo kwakasiyana postulates anomuka, kubva kune ezvitendero neefilosofi minda, kusvika kune yesainzi. Mukati mesainzi yesainzi, dzidziso yekushanduka kwema molecular inonzi chemosynthetic dzidziso yakamisikidzwa, zvichibva pazvidzidzo zvevasayendisiti Alexander Oparin naJohn Haldane, avo kunyangwe vasina kushanda pamwechete vakauya mukuumbwa kweyekufungidzira kumwe, uko kunopa kuenderera kunheyo. yakasimudzwa mune dzidziso yehomba kubhanga, ichipokana nedzidziso yechizvarwa chinongoerekana chaitika, uye dzidziso dzezvitendero nezve genesi yehupenyu.
Chii chinonzi chemosynthetic dzidziso inosimbisa?
Iyi dzidziso inotaura kuti hydrogen (H2) aripo mumamiriro ekutanga akaitwa nekabhoni, nitrogen kana maatomu eoksijeni achigadzira muto unovaka muviri, uyo kana uchinge wasangana nezvakasiyana masimba esimba rechinyakare zvakapa amino acids akati kuti, ayo anoumba zvivakwa zvekutanga zvehupenyu hwehupenyu.
Mamiriro ezvinhu mudenga maererano chemosynthetic postulates
Iyo chemosynthetic dzidziso inosimbisa kuti yepakutanga mamiriro ekunze anofanirwa kuve nehunhu hwaifarira kudzikisira maitiro, nekuti kana nharaunda ine oxidative maitiro anga aripo, izvo zvikamu zve "Sopu yekutanga-kuzvarwa" vangadai vakadzikisira. Neichi chikonzero, ivo masayendisiti avo vakamisa akasiyana akasiyana shanduko dzidziso vanosimbisa izvo mune yekutanga mamiriro epasi handina kukwanisa okisijeni yaive yavapo, nekuti kusangana kweiyo oxidation kwaisazokurudzira kukura kwehupenyu.
Chemosynthetic Dzidziso Zvakakosha
Iyo nhanho yekumisikidzwa kweakateedzana edzidziso dzakapunzika nezvakaitika dzidziso yekuzvarwa kwechizvarwa (yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya munguva yake) yakatanga muna 1864 semhedzisiro yeongororo yemusayendisiti wechiFrance Luis Pasteur, uyo akaratidzira mukuyedza kwake kuti "Mupenyu ari kubva kune vapenyu", zvichipa kusimudzira kwedzidziso nyowani. Pakati pedzidziso idzi pane chemosynthetics, iyo inotaura kuti hupenyu hwakatanga kubva mukuita kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvemakemikari. Izvo zvinhu zvinoumba izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakatsanangurwa pazasi pazasi:
Kuumbwa kwepasi mukuvamba kwaro: dzidziso iyi inofunga kuti pakutanga, nyika yaive nemhepo isina mweya wakachena, iri, zvisinei, yakafuma mune zvimwe zvikamu, kunyanya hydrogen (kukwirira kwakanyanya), saka yaive yekudzora, iyo yaifarira kuburitswa kwemaatomu ehydrogen mumakemikari marudzi aripo. Pamusoro peizvi, yaive nezvimwe zvakakosha zvemakemikari akadai se: hydrocyanic acid (HCN), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), mvura (H2O) nezvimwe zvinhu.
- Kuumbwa kwemuto unovaka muviri: inozivikanwawo se dangwe muto, yaisanganisira kuunganidzwa kwemvura inovaka muviri inoumbwa nezvinhu zvese izvi zvemuchadenga mamiriro. Iyi vhoriyamu yemvura yakapa kumakungwa ekutanga. Izvi zvakaitika sei? Iyo chemosynthetic dzidziso inosimbisa kuti semhedzisiro yekutonhora kwemuchadenga, pakanga paine kuyerera kwemvura yemvura kubva kumakomo, ayo akadhonza izvi zvese zvinhu nazvo, achiumba muto unovaka muviri, iyo yaizoungana mumatope (makungwa) uko kwavanogara kwenguva yakareba vasina njodzi yekuora.
- Chitarisiko chezvimwe zvakaomarara zvivakwa: Mukuita uku, kuita kwesimba rakasiyana masosi kwakakosha, senge dutu remagetsi, radiation yezuva uye kuputika kwemakomo. Mhedzisiro yezviitiko izvi zvaive zvakaoma zvikamu zvakaita seshuga, mafuta acids, glycerin uye amino acids. Nekufamba kwenguva, shanduko yakamutsa zvimiro zvakadaidzwa naOparin coacervateszvimwe zvinodzivirira uye zvemberi zvimiro zvehupenyu izvo zvaive zvekutanga zvezvino nucleic acids.
Kuumbwa kwemakoko
Oparin akasimbisa kuti mukuitika kwekushanduka kwemakemikari marudzi arimo dangwe muto, kwakamuka macacervates, ayo aive akaomarara marudzi, ayo panguva yekuparadzaniswa kwemasero akabatana kuita chinhu chimwe chete, nokudaro vachiwana membrane yaizovashandura kuita zvisikwa zvakasarudzika, nekwaniso yekuzvigadzira (kugona kuzvigadzirira chikafu chavo. ), iyo yaizoshanduka kuita mafomu anowedzera akatsiga uye akaomarara akazove echokwadi marongero ehupenyu. Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yechemosynthetic, izvi zvisikwa zvepakutanga zvaive mavambo emiti nemhuka zvepasi redu.
Pakutanga, pakanga pasina ozone layer, yaidzivirira masero kubva kumwaranzi yakananga kubva kuzuva. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvichitendwa kuti zvinogoneka kuti zvivakwa zvekutanga zvakagadzirwa nekuparadzwa zvisingaperi nechiitiko chakanangana nesimba rezuva. Mushure memamirioni emakore, aya maseru akakwanisa kushanduka kuita manyowa akaomarara, izvo zvaizovabvumira kuti vawande. Gare gare, vakatanga kugadzira chikafu chavo kuburikidza nesimba rezuva, vachiita maitiro ephotosynthesis uye vachitumira yakachena oxygen mumhepo, iyo yaizove iyo ozone layer.
Maitiro ekuumba coacervate anotsanangurwa pazasi:
- Izvo zvese zvinotanga nekuumbwa kwemamorekuru akarongeka uye akatsiga.
- Sezvo nguva inopfuura, yechipiri inoenderana mamorekuru (macromolecule) inoumbwa uye iri chikamu cheiyo coacervate.
- Iyi macromolecule inopatsanuka kubva kucoacervate kwayakaona kwayakabva.
- Iyo macromolecule inotanga kukwezva macomputer ayo aanogona kusunga kune ayo mamiriro, kuitazve iyo yekutanga coacervate.
Stanley Miller naHarold Urey Kuedza (1953)
Kunyangwe iwo mabudiro eiyo chemosynthetic dzidziso akagadzwa muna 1924 naOparin naHaldane, masayendisiti maviri akazodzokororazve mukuyedza pachiyero nemamiriro ezvinhu echinyakare, vachiisa musanganiswa wehydrogen, methane neammonia kune akawanda magetsi emagetsi, achigadzira akasiyana organic acids. Chinangwa chemuyedzo uyu chaive chiratidzo chekuti synthesis yemakemikari makemikari aingoerekana aitika, uye kuti zvakange zvaitika kubva kumamorekuru akapusa aive mumhepo yekutanga.
Nezve dhizaini yekuyedza kwavo, vakatora girazi gaba ndokudira imwe huwandu hwemvura, zvekuti yakazadzwa zvishoma, musanganiswa wemagasi ataurwa pamusoro wakaiswawo mauri. Izvi zvemukati zvakaiswa pasi pekuburitswa nemagetsi izvo zvakafananidza prehistoric madutu akaitika pakutanga kwenyika.
Muedzo uyu wakatora vhiki imwe, uye kana uchinge wapfuura, mhedzisiro yakaongororwa. Chiratidziro chekutanga chezviitiko zvakaitika ndechekuti shanduko murudzi rwemvura yakaonekwa, iyo pakutanga yaive yakajeka, uye kuti mushure mevhiki yakawana izwi repinki, iro raizove rakasviba, sezvo rakapfumiswa akakosha amino acids uye organic mamorekuru.
Uku kuyedza kwaive mupiro unotsigira dzidziso yekuti mafomu ekutanga ehupenyu akaumbwa kubva mukushanduka kwemakemikari kunoitwa zvega.