Chii chinonzi chimiro? Vanyori, zvinhu uye hunhu

La dzidziso yekuumbwa, inonziwo masayendisiti epfungwa, akashandura nguva yemazuva ano: kubva panguva yazvinosvika, munhu akazviona ari iye mutoro wehunhu hwake zvine chekuita nekuziva kwake uye kugona kugona.

Iyi dzidziso yeruzivo yakagadziridzwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX na Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt naEdward Bradford Titchener, uko kunodzidziswa pfungwa dzevakuru, kuburikidza nenzira dzakadai sekufungidzira izvo zvinobvumidza murwere kudzamisa manzwiro avo uye zvakaitika zvekare, mukutsvaga chero shanduko inoratidza ruzivo rwakanyanya nezve zvemukati zvemunhu zvemweya zvese uye zvepfungwa.

Chii chinonzi chimiro?

Izwi rekuti structural psychology, rinoreva ongororo yezvinhu zvekuziva, rine hunhu hwehungwaru husinga tsanangurike mufungidziro imwechete senge yetsika anthropology, linguistics kana Marxism.

Chinangwa chikuru chegadziriro ndechekuti uongorore musainzi yemunhu, zvinokurudzirwa kuongorora imwe nharaunda, ino nzvimbo inotsanangurwa seyakazara system ine zvikamu zvine hukama, ndiko kuti, mhando yemukati yemurwere inotsvaga kutariswa se chimiro icho zvakare, chine zvarinoreva mukati medzidziso yacho pachayo.

Izvo zvinoreva izvo pachazvo izvo zvinopihwa kuchimiro chakanyatso kufundwa uye kubvunzwa zvisati zvaitika, nekuda kweizvi, nzira dzakadai sekudzidza kwehunhu hune munhu muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva hunoshandiswa.

Zviitiko zvakajairika zvisinga reve kuzviisa pasi pekushushikana pachikamu chemurwere, kazhinji, zviitiko zvezuva nezuva netsika izvo munhu atoita muhupenyu hwavo; Muenzaniso: mashandisiro aunoita zviyo, magadziriro aunoita imwe ndiro, kangani kuenda kuchechi.

Rutsva runounzwa nehurongwa hunosanganisira kutyora nechero zano rehurongwa sezvo rakadzika midzi mu "zvakajairika" psychology. Izvi, zvakare, zvinofumura kukosha kwekubvisa chero mamiriro ekugadzirisa.

Mumwe wemapiyona uye vatsigiri vakuru veiyi dzidziso aive ethnographer uye anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, uyo akaongorora zviitiko zvetsika senge ngano uye hukama hwehukama.

Kune rimwe divi, weGerman Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt, uyo ainyanya kufunga nezvekuvandudza dzidziso uye aive mumatanho makuru ekudzidza kwake, akafunga kuita bvunzo murabhoritari yake, kwaakatora apuro ndokunyora hunhu hwayo pazviri. kune avo maitiro: apuro rakaita sei, rinotaridzika sei, chii chinonhuwirira uye magadzirirwo arinoita mukati ...

Kuisa imwe yemisimboti yekufungidzira iyo inosarudza kuti chero chiitiko chekuziva chinofanira kutsanangurwa mune ayo akakosha mavara.

Izvi zvaizove nechokwadi chekuti munhu wacho aive akatsunga kuisa yakawanda nesimba mukufungisisa, uye kwete kungoisa chinhu kune zvazviri neziso rakashama.

Wundt 

WHelm Maximilian Wundt, aive chiremba wezvepfungwa wechiGerman, physiologist uye uzivi. Yakagadzira yekutanga laboratori yekuyedza mu Leipzig. Muguta rino aive purofesa weyunivhesiti yaEdward Bradford Titchener uyo akazosimudza dzidziso yekuumbwa maererano nezviedzo, zvinyorwa uye dzidziso dzakadzidziswa pamwe chete nemudzidzisi wake.

Wundt inowanzo kuve yakabatana nezvinyorwa zvekare uye hukama hwayo mukumisikidzwa kwenzira dzakafanana dzekutarisa Wundt anoita kujekeserwa pamusoro pehuchokwadi hunokonzereswa nezviitiko zvakaongororwa pasi pegirazi rinokudza rekutsvagisa mukati uye izvo zvakadzidzwa pasi pemafirosofi mafashama, ayo mune ino kesi yaanodaidza kuti kungoongorora kwakachena.

titchener

Edward B. Titchener aive psychologist weBritish, aive mudzidzi we Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt, aizove chipangamazano wake muhupenyu hwake hwese uye nekumukurudzira kufumura dzidziso yake pasi rose. Mumakore ake ekukura akatamira kuUnited States, kwaakabudirira kwazvo.

Iye anonzi ndiye muvambi wesystemism, ari pachena anofungidzira, panguva yekusvika kwake muUnited States akaita chikanganiso chekuburitsa mudzidzisi wake akadaro, izvo zvakavhiringidza huwandu hwevanhu veAmerica zvakanyanya, kubvira muchikamu ichocho chenyika, aiwa zvaivapo pamusiyano pakati pekuziva nekusaziva.

Ichokwadi cheWundt ndechekuti aisakwanisa kutsanangura kufungidzira senzira inoshanda yekusvika paasina chaanoziva, nekuti ainzwisisa sekufungidzira kuchiitiko chekuziva icho chisina simba rekunze.

Akarongedza zvivakwa zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvinoonekwa kana maitiro sezvakakodzera kuve zvesainzi, chero kumwe kuita kunofungidzirwa sechinhu chiripo iye zvino asi mavambo kana huchokwadi husina kutsanangurwa chaizvo, zvinofanirwa kungoraswa kubva munharaunda.

Hunhu hwekuumbwa

• Kucherechedza: Iyo iriko mune ese maitiro ekudzidza, zvakakosha kuti uone maitiro emurwere zvinoenderana nezviitiko zvekare zvavakararama. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iko kucherechedzwa hakugone kupindira chero nguva neyakavanzika yemunhu.
• Mutauro sehurongwa: Ino yazvino inofunga mutauro sehurongwa, ndiko kuti, haina kusiyaniswa kubva kune chero chinhu seyakazara.
• Inotsanangudza nzira: hunhu hwemunhu hunodzidziswa pasi pechinongedzo kuti uwane tsananguro chaiyo yemaitiro ese, shanduko uye neruzivo izvo munhu zvaari kuita.
• Inductive nzira: ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza kana mamiriro ezvinhu rwunosiiwa parutivi, dzidziso inoitwa kubva pakuongororwa kwemuviri saizvozvo.
• Kuumbwa kwesimba: Chirevo chinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemunhu chinoshandiswa, nekuti izvi zvinodikanwa kutsanangura mazinga uye kudoma pfungwa maererano nezvikamu nenzira yekumashure.
• Mhemberero: Kunge chero chazvino kana chidzidzo, ine zvirevo, pachiitiko ichi chimiro chinodzorwa nehunhu hwehupenyu huripo, kwete sehuzivi, asi sechishuwo chekuzvarwa kwechimiro chedzidziso.
• Maonero eMethodological: Kunyangwe iyo nzira iine dzidziso uye mafirosofi akagadziriswa ari kutariswa, hazvireve kuti inogona kuverengerwa sechikoro, asi inofanirwa kuitiswa nemaitiro enzira ekudzidza maitiro ehunhu.  
• Chirevo uye hukama: Structuralism inoberekerwa mumifungo yeMarxism uye kushanda, kugovana zvakafanana pakuti ivo vese vanogovana mazano uye pfungwa kunze kwepfungwa yesainzi.
• Kurongeka uye zvinyorwa: Mune hunyanzvi uhu, chimiro chinotsvaga kudzidza chimiro chega chega chakarongedzwa mundima kana peji kuti chienzanise pakati pemabasa ekare, ndeedzimwe tsika nemamiriro

Iyo psychology yekuziva

Kuti uongorore zvakadzama mukudzidza kwepfungwa yekuziva pachako, kurongeka kunoenderana nekushandisa inotevera yekutsvagisa uye nzira dzekufanirwa:

Kufungidzira

Titchener akashandisa kufungidzira senzira huru yekudzidza, nokudaro achiwana kutsanangurwa chaiko kwezvinhu zvese zvekuziva, zvinova zvinoenderana nemunhu wese zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemunhu mumwe nemumwe.

Akataura kuti mamiriro ekuziva anogona kuve nzira yekusaverengeka uye nekukurumidza ruzivo, nenzira yekuzvionera uri wega.

Kusiyana neiyo nzira yekufungidzira yakashandiswa naWundt, iyo yaive yakanyanyisa, Titchener ainyatso kuita, akarairwa zvakadzama kuti akwanise kusimudzira chidzidzo chakakomberedza kuziva kwekuti avepo, kuitira kuti ape kuongororwa kwakazara uye kwakazara. .

Bvunzo dzese dzaisanganisira kutarisana nemurwere nechinhu, pasina kuramba kwayakatangira, kupatsanura uye kushandisa, zvichidaro, munhu wacho aifanira kukwanisa kutumidza kana kutsanangura hunhu hwechinhu ichocho mumamiriro ekutsvaga.

Mamiriro chete akaiswa kumurwere kwaisave kutaura zita rechinhu chero nguva, kuti akwanise kudzamisa pane mamwe maitiro.

Zvinhu zvepfungwa

Titchener akaronga chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvepfungwa: zvinhu zvekuona, zvinhu zvemifungo uye zvinhu zvemanzwiro, izvi zvinogona kukamurwa muzvivakwa zvavo: mhando, kusimba, nguva, kujekesa uye kureba.

Mifananidzo uye manzwiro zvinoshaya kujeka, saka anogona kuputswa seboka rekunzwa.

Izvi zvinhu zvitatu zvambotaurwa, zvinopedzisa kuti kumwe kunzwa kuri kwekutanga.

Zvinoreva kuti kufunga kwese kunogona kupatsanurwa kuve manzwiro, ayo anowanikwa chete uye chete kuburikidza nekufungisisa.   

Kubatana kwezvinhu

Maitiro epiri mune dzidziso yaTitchener yaive yekuti yega yega yezvinhu zvepfungwa zvinodyidzana kuti zvigadzire ruzivo rwekuziva.

Kuita kwepanyama uye kwepfungwa

Kufarira kukuru kwaTitchener kwaive kugona kuenzanisa maitiro epanyama nezviitiko zvekuziva, shanduko dzakasangana nekuiswa mukati mekufungidzira, maBritish akachengeta, kuti maitiro ehupenyu nehukama aibatana zvakanyanya nekufungisisa, kuti pasina mhando iyi yekuita, maitiro akafanana aigona kutariswa zvisina basa zvakakundikana.

Kurongeka mune zvinyorwa

Structuralism inoongorora zvinyorwa senzira yekudzidza yemurwere, anonyanya kutsoropodza masisitimu achaongorora zvakadzama ndima yega yega ine zvinyorwa zvataurwa, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti basa rekunyora rinogona kunge riri rorudzi rupi zvaro, chinhu chakakosha nezve iri basa. kuongorora mamiriro ebasa iri zvakanyanya murondedzero pane zvirimo, izvo muchiitiko ichi "hazvibatsiri".

Chinangwa cheichi chiitiko ndechekugona kuenzanisa iro basa nezvivakwa zveimwe nguva uye tsika kuti uone chero hukama kana hukama neicho chiri kuongororwa.

Maumbirwo mune panguva

Structuralism yakapa shanduko kuhupenyu hwazvino hweavhareji munhu mukuru, nekusvika kwedzidziso iyi kuhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweavo vakahushandisa, saenzi yemunhu yakabudirira zvakanyanya.

Pane imwe nguva, nhoroondo yakasvika pane imwe pfungwa uye zvakasiyana zvinoreva, munhu wacho akanyatso shandura marongero ehurongwa, nekudaro achivandudza nzira nyowani dzekudzidza dzehunhu hwevanhu zvinoenderana nezvakawanikwa muhupenyu hwake hwese.

Nzira yekuzvibata kwechinhu ichi haisisiri kutongwa nehunhu uye hunhu hwehunhu pasina hwaro hwesainzi. Ikozvino kukosha kwekufungisisa kweako munhu kwave kuwana mukurumbira wakaringana kuti ive nemutoro mune dzese pfungwa kune yayo yega manzwiro chiitiko.