Uropi hunogona kucherechedzwa zviri nyore senhengo yakakosha pamunhu, sezvo iri iro rine basa rekuita mabasa ese akakosha anodikanwa, kwete chete kuenda kumberi, asiwo kuvepo. Nouropi hwedu isu hatifunge chete, asi isu zvakare tinogadzirisa zviito zvatinotora. Chinhu chakareruka sekufema, kufamba, kana kusimudza maoko Iyo inogona kuve semuenzaniso wekukosha kwehuropi hwedu, nekuti pasina iyo, hapana cheicho isu chataigona kuzviita neimwe nzira.
Kana tichitaura nezvehuropi, tinogona kufunga nezvema synapses anoenderera anoita ino nhengo; mumaeuron anotibvumira kufunga nekuita mabasa, angave ari nyore kana akaomarara.
Nekudaro, pazviitiko zvakawanda tinoda kuziva zvimwe zvishoma nezve mashandiro ayo, uye nezve izvo zvese zvakakosha izvo, mukati mayo, zvinobvumidza basa iri kuenderera. Iyo cranial tsingaSemuenzaniso, ivo vanozadzisa yakakosha tsinga basa mukati mehuropi, uye ari akateedzana etsinga dzinomuka kubva kuzasi kwechikamu chehuropi uye dzinoenderera kumutsipa nedumbu. Mune ino posvo isu tinotsvaga muhuropi uye toona mashandiro anoita tsinga idzi mukati maro.
Ndeapi maviri aya?
Iyo tsinga dzakakora, idzo dzinozivikanwawo seyakakomba tsinga, ndiwo akateedzana etsinga gumi nembiri dzinosiya uropi padanho rehuropi, uye dziripo yakagovaniswa pamusoro pemusoro; Tinogona kuvawana pazasi pehenya, mutsipa, trunk uye thorax.
Iyo International Anatomical Nomenclature yakapa iyo yekupedzisira nerve tsananguro yeiyo cranial nerve, kunyangwe iri atrophic muvanhu, uye iri padhuze nehukama neiyo olfactory system.
Iyo tsinga dzakakora dzine mavambo anooneka, ayo anoreva nzvimbo iyo tsinga inosiya kana kupinda muuropi. Mavambo avo chaiwo akasiyana zvichienderana nebasa ravanozadzisa mukati memuviri; iyo tambo dzeiyo yakakomberedza tsinga ine mota basa ine poindi yayo yekubva mumapoka ezvitokisi anowanikwa mukatikati mechikamu chehuropi, uye ari homologous kumasero erunyanga rwemberi rwespinal cord.
Iyo tambo yemitsipa yakakomba iyo inonzwisa kana yekunzwa mashandiro ane masero avo ekutanga kunze kweiyo brainstem. Kazhinji mune ganglia ayo ari homologous kune ayo emukati wakasarudzika wemidzi yemuzongoza.
Hunhu hwemitsipa yakakomba
Pane zvakawanda hunhu izvo idzi tsinga dzinogona kugovana mukati memuviri wemunhu. Nekudaro, hunhu hunonyanya kufadza hwavanogovana, uye izvo zvinovaita vakasarudzika uye vakasarudzika, inyaya yekuti dzinouya dzakananga kubva kuhuropi, dzichipfuura rwonzi rwespinal Ndokunge, idzi tsinga dzinoenda kubva kuzasi kwechikamu chehuropi, ichipfuura nemumaburi ari pazasi pehenya kuti vasvike kwavanoenda. Sezvineiwo, idzi tsinga hadziendi chete kunzvimbo dzakadai semusoro, asi zvakare Ivo vanopedzisira voendeswa kunzvimbo dzakadai sehuro kana nzvimbo yechipfuva nedumbu.
Nenzira iyi tinogona kutaura kuti iyo yakakomba tsinga inoumba icho chikamu chehurongwa hwemitsipa hunoratidzira huropi neyakaumbika uye zvimiro zvechibereko. Mamwe ese ehukama neanosemesa ekutyaira eCentral Nervous System anoitwa kuburikidza nemusana.
Kupatsanura kwemitsipa yakakomba
Kana tichitaura nezvetsinga dzenyonganyonga tinogona kuti dzakakamurwa kuita vaviri, nekuti kana uchisiya kurudyi hemisphere yehuropi, pachave neumwe mutsinga wakakora uyo uchasiya kurudyi hemisphere, zvakaenzana.
Tichaenda riinhi kupatsanura cranial tsinga tinofanirwa kuisa mumapoka kana kuvapatsanura zvinoenderana nenzira mbiri dzinozivikanwa Idzi ndidzo: nzvimbo yavanotangira uye basa ravanozadzisa.
Zvinoenderana nechinzvimbo chako
Iyo tsinga dzakakombama dzinogara dziine hukama hwechiRoma, sezvo iri nzira yavanosarudzwa neInternational Anatomical Nomenclature. Aya manhamba anotangira kubva pa1 kusvika pa12, anoenderana, muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, kune vaviri vari mubvunzo.
Tsinga dzakakora dzinotangira:
- Pamusoro peiyo brainstem ivo vanozivikanwa sevaviri ini uye vaviri II.
- Kubva pane yepakati pehure ivo vari vaviri III uye IV.
- Kubva pane brainstem bhiriji (kana Varolio Bridge) ivo vanozivikanwa seakakomba tsinga V, VI, VII uye VIII.
- Kubva kuMedulla oblongata, ivo vanonzi mapara IX, X, XI uye XII.
Zvinoenderana nebasa rayo
- Kana iwo ari chikamu chebasa rekunzwa, rinogadzirwa nemitsipa yakakomba I, II uye VIII.
- Kana ivo vachibatanidzwa nekufamba kwemaziso uye eyelids: III, IV uye VI.
- Kana vaine mufaro pamwe nekumisikidzwa kwemhasuru dzezvikamu zvemutsipa nerurimi: cranial nerves XI and XII.
- Izvo zvinoonekwa zvine musanganiswa basa: vaviri V, VII, IX uye X.
- Kana dzikashanda senge tambo dzeparasympathetic basa: III, VII, IX uye X.
Mhando dzetsinga dzakakora uye nezvavanoita
Iyo tsinga dzakakora dzine basa chairo uye tinogona kuvawana vachishanda uye vachishanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemuviri. Izvo hazvina kuganhurirwa kune chete musoro nemutsipa, asi ramba uchingoshanda kunyange zvakaderera. Heino runyorwa rweakakomba tsinga, izvo zvavanoita, uye kwavanowanikwa.
Mutsara unowedzera:
Iyo tsinga yekunzwa, iyo inoitisa kufambisa iyo zvinokurudzira kubva mumhino kusvika kuuropi. Kwayakabva chaiko kunopihwa nemasero eaya anowedzera mababu. Iyo yakakosha tsinga ini uye inoonekwa seyakafupika yakakomba tsinga yezvose.
Optic tsinga:
Izvi, sezvaunogona kufungidzira, ndiyo tsinga inoitisa kutungamira zvinokanganisa kubva paziso kuenda kuuropi. Iyo yakaumbwa nemazoni eiyo retinal ganglion maseru, uye kutakura ruzivo kune photoreceptors muuropi. Iyo inotangira kubva kune diecephalon uye inoenderana neyakaipisisa tsinga II.
Oculomotor tsinga
Aya akakanda maviri anotarisira kufamba kweziso; iri zvakare rine basa nekukura kwemudzidzi. Inotangira mukatikati mebrain uye inoenderana neyakaipisisa tsinga III.
Trochlear tsinga
Iyo tsinga ine mota uye somatic mabasa, uye yakabatana nepamusoro oblique mhasuru yeziso, ichikonzera kutenderera kana kubuda muziso reziso. Iyo nucleus inotangira, sepakutanga, mukatikati mebrain, y inoenderana neyaviri IV.
Uturu hwehutatu
Iyo ndiyo tsinga hombe pakati peiyo tsinga dzakakora, uye iri multifunctional (inonzwa, mota uye inonzwa). Basa rayo ndere kuunza ruzivo rwakashata kumeso, kuitisa ruzivo kubva kumamasticatory mhasuru, sungisa eardrum, pakati pemamwe mabasa. Ivo vaviri V.
Inobvisa tsinga
Iyi tsinga yakakosha yakabatana neziso uye inoitisa kupfuudza zvinokonzeresa kune yekunze mhasuru yeziso. Nenzira iyi ziso rinogona kutamira kune rakatarisana ne patine mhino. Inoenderana neyaviri VI.
Tsinga kumeso
Vaviri ava vanoonekwawo sevasanganiswa. Ndiye anotarisira tumira zvakasiyana siyana kumeso kuitira kuti, nenzira iyi, iwe ugone kukwanisa kugadzira uye kugadzira kumeso kumeso. Iyo inotumirawo zviratidzo kumaronda emarara uye ematehwe. Inoenderana nekaviri VII.
Vestibulocochlear tsinga
Iyo inozivikanwawo seiyo cranial nerve yeiyo yekuongorora uye vestibular nerve, nekudaro ichigadzira iyo vestibulocochlear. Iyo inokonzeresa kuyerwa uye kutarisisa muchadenga, pamwe nebasa rekuongorora. Mutsipa waro wakakora ndiyo VIII.
Glossopharyngeal tsinga
Iko kukanganisa kwetsinga iyi inogara muhuro uye parurimi. Iyo inogamuchira ruzivo kubva kunonaka mabhudzi uye ruzivo rwekunzwa kubva kune pharynx. Panguva imwechete iyo inoitisa mirairo kune iyo salivary gland uye mutsipa, ichirerutsa chiito chekumedza uye kumedza. Inopindirana necanial nerve IX.
Vagus tsinga
Iyi nerve inozivikanwawo seye pneumogastric. Iyo inotangira kubva medulla oblongata uye inovhara iyo pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchi, moyo, mudumbu, uye chiropa.
Senge tsinga yepamberi, inokanganisa chiito chekumedza asiwo mune izvo zvinoreva kutumira uye kuendesa masaini kuhurongwa hwedu hwekutonga, uye zvinogona kubatsira mune izvo zvinoreva mutemo wekushandisa kwedu uye zvakare kukwanisa kudzora kushushikana, kana kutumira masaini zvakananga kune yedu yekunzwira tsitsi, uye izvi, zvakare, kune yedu viscera. Mutsipa waro wakakora ndiyo X.
Shongedzo yetsinga
Inozivikanwa seimwe ye "akachena". Iyo musana uye mota tsinga. Iyo inochengetedza iyo sternocleidomastoid uye nekudaro inokonzeresa mutsipa kutenderera kune iro divi rakatarisana, uku uchisimudzira musoro kudivi. Tsinga iyi inotibvumidzawo kukanda musoro kumashure, saka tinogona kuti inopindira mukufamba kwemutsipa nemapfudzi. Mutsipa waro wakakora ndiyo XI.
Hypoglossal tsinga
Iyo mota tsinga, uye senge vagus uye glossopharyngeal nerve, inobatanidzwa mukuita kwekumedza uye mumhasuru dzerurimi.