Chokwadi iwe wakambonzwa nezve makristasi, zvingangoita kuti panguva ino pfungwa dzako dzakafungidzira dhayamondi hombe, amethisto kana topazi. Uye zvirokwazvo, iri boka rinosanganisirawo mazhinji eanozivikanwa "Matombo anokosha", asi kristaro hachisi sangano rinonyatso batanidza munda wezvishongo.
Kristaro ndiyo inoguma yechiitiko chinonakidza chinonzi crystallization, chinozivikanwa nekukonzera kugadzikana kwakafanana kwakaumbwa ne "zviso", zvinova zvikamu zviri mundiza dzakasiyana.
Hunhu hweiyo yakasimba kubva ku crystallization
Ukuru hwekristaro hunhu hunosiyana, muhukuru hwakasiyana. "Makuru" makristasi anogona kuwanikwa anogona kuyerwa kuburikidza neyakaenzana unit "mita", zvakare sezvatinogona tsvaga makristasi ndizvo zvazvinofanira kuva inoratidzwa maererano ne "microns", nekuti kukura kwavo kudiki kunoita kuti vaenzaniswe nehutachiona senge mabhakitiriya, ayo anongoonekwa kuburikidza nemicroscope.
Sezvambotaurwa, macrystalline maitiro anoguma muzvigadzirwa zvekuchena kwakanyanya, ndosaka isu takasimbisa, pakutanga mune dudziro, izvo makristasi akafanana: ndiko kuti, kuumbwa kwechigadzirwa kunoramba kuchikosha pane chero nguva muhuwandu hweiyo yakasimba, izvo zvakare zvinoreva kuti hunhu uye makemikari hunhu hunoramba husina kuchinjika muchidimbu, uye kana uchinge uchiona mutsauko nekuda kwekukanganisa, shanduko ichaitika mukati memarudzi ese. Hunhu uhwu hunogadzira makristalu zvigadzirwa zvakakosha muminda dzakasiyana siyana, kubva pakukoshesa mhando yezvinhu, kusvika kune kushandiswa kwekristallisation maitiro senzira yekuparadzanisa zvinhu.
Zvigadzirwa zvemakristallinogona zvakare kusarudzika padanho rerabhoritari, kuburikidza nemaitiro anodzorwa mumasangano anoteedzera zvinoitika zvega zvinoitika mune zvakasikwa. Imwe yemabhenefiti akakura emakristasi akawanikwa muzvirongwa zvinodzorwa ndezvekuti vanoratidzira akajairika maumbirwo, ayo anowirirana zvakakwana nemazita epadigital ekururamisa kukuru.
Mukristaro, isu tinofanirwa kusiyanisa zviso zviri chikamu cheiyo chaiyo yekristaro tsika (morphological maitiro), uye zvichienderana nenhamba yadzo, tinogona kufunga nezveakakosha maumbirwo eiyo yakasimba. Kazhinji mu kristaro inotsanangurwa nekubatanidzwa kwemaumbirwo akati wandei akakosha, iwo makuru ari anotevera:
- Pedion: Girazi rine rimwe chete kumeso, risina zviyero.
- Pinacoid: Iyo inoumbwa nemeso maviri akaenzana zvine chekuita neanxis yekufananidza.
- Sphenoid: Iwo maviri akaenzana zviso zvinoumba iyi nhema nhema dzakatenderedza bhanari axis.
- Prism: Iyo inoumbwa nezviso zve homologous zvinoumba zone. Kuve iyo "nzvimbo yekristaro" inotsanangurwa seti yezviso zvakafanana nedivi rimwe chete, rinoenderana nemupendero weiyo imwechete.
Maumbirwo emakristaro kubva mukati mekutarisa anogona kutaridzwa seakaumbika neakawanda kana mashoma akafanana, nguva nenguva uye anisotropic system yechinhu chakanyungudika chinogadzira chimiro munzvimbo dzakasiyana munzvimbo. Mukati mehunhu hwemakristaro, kufarira kwagara kuchimutswa nenyaya yekuti poindi yega yega gara uchidzokorora munzvimbo inogara zvinhu. Mune kristalllography, chiitiko chinokonzeresa chiito ichi chinonzi dudziro.
Kuita kweCrystallization
Kuti crystallization iitike, isu tinofanirwa kutanga kubva kune chinhu chinogona kuverengerwa se "Mhete", uye izvi zvinotsanangurwa nekuti zvidimbu zvinoumba, kunyangwe zviri zveatomiki, mamorekuru kana ioniki hunhu, zvine zvimiro zvehukama, periodicity uye symmetry.
Maitiro ese anoshandiswa kana pane imwe nguva mune chinhu chekristalline, izvo zvimedu zvinotanga kurongazve, muchikamu chinozivikanwa se nucleation. Maitiro ese aya anosanganisira, kuwedzera mukusiyana kuri pachena mukuteedzana kwezvimedu, shanduko mumamiriro e thermodynamic, ayo akatarisana nemubhadharo wekukanganisa kunokonzerwa neshanduko yeGibbs yemahara simba, inoratidzirwa ne zviitiko zvitatu:
- Iko shanduko mumakemikari simba.
- Kugadzirwa kweiyo interface pakati penzvimbo yenucleation uye chikamu chese chakafanana.
- Iko kusiana muhuwandu uye chimiro icho chiitiko ichi chinosanganisira chinokonzera kusagadzikana.
Chikamu chinotevera chinotangira, apo chimiro chenheyo chinodzikama. Nhanho inotevera chimwe chinhu chinonzwisisika uye chinotarisirwa, kana tangova nemamiriro ekutanga isu tinopinda maitiro e kukura, umo shanduko muhukuru hweiyo nucleus inoonekwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, izvi zvinowedzera mukuumbwa kwezviso, kudzamara kristaro yawana tsika yakatsanangurwa.
Mechanism yekristaro kukura
Mufungo wakagadzirwa naVolmer unotsanangura kuti kukura kwekristaro kunoitika sei, zvichisimbisa kuti, kutenderedza chimiro chakakosha kubva kuchikamu chekristalline chinhu, rudzi kunyorovesa rukoko, iyo inoshanda seyunifomu, uye kuwedzera kune izvi, inokurudzira kutama kwezvimedu zvakapoterera, zvinofamba zvichienda kumusoro. Mhedzisiro yeiyi nzira inotsanangurwa seyakagadziriswa inotsanangurwa mune mbiri-mbiri ndege.
Kune avo, Kossel naStraski, vakazvifunga izvozvo michina basa rinodiwa kuti uwane kugadziriswa kweion pamusoro pechinhu ichi, uye kuti zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yayo.
Kubudirira kweiyo modhi inotsanangura kukura kunoda kufungidzirwa kwenzvimbo dzekuzadza panowonekwa mwero wepamusoro weshanduko (enzvimbo dzekusimudzira). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kukura kwekristaro kunoitika muzvikamu.
Crystallization senzira yekuparadzanisa
Sezvo kristaro ichiumbwa nechinhu chakafanana, mashandisiro ayo senzira yekuparadzanisa zvinhu yapararira, pakati penzira dzinoverengeka, pazasi, isu tichatsanangura izvo izvo avo vanoshandisa zvakanyanya kupararira zvine
- Kuwedzera nyowani nyowani: Kana tichiziva hunhu hwezvigadzirwa zvatiri kubata, tinogona kushandisa nzira iyi, iyo inonyanya kusanganisira kuwedzera nyowani nyowani inobatana neyakagadziriswa mune iyo solute iyo yatinoda kujekesa yakanyudzwa. Kana iyo nyowani nyowani ichitanga kusangana neayo homologue, iyo solute precipitates, ichitangisa iyo crystallization maitiro.
- Kutonhora kune yakakwira solute kuwanda. Kana isu paine mhinduro yepamusorosoro, iyo yakaitwa pakakwirira tembiricha, uye isu tikaiisa kune inotonhorera maitiro, tinowana mamiriro e supersaturation, mune iyo yakawanda yakawanda solute yakanyungudutswa kupfuura iyo solvent inogona kugamuchira, mune idzva idzva mamiriro ekupisa. Kana iyo nzira yekudzikisa tembiricha ikaitwa nenzira inodzorwa, tinogona kukanganisa saizi yekristaro yatinozowana.
- Sublimation: Unyanzvi uhu hunogona chete kuiswa mukristalline makomponi ayo anounza mweya wakanyanya kumanikidza, nenzira yekuti shanduko kubva pagasi chikamu kuenda kune yakasimba haidi kupfuura nepanonyungudika.