Hydrochloric acid - Nhoroondo, zvivakwa uye mashandisiro

Hydrochloric acid inoratidzirwa nekuva isina mvura isina mvura, uyezve iyo ine hwema hunopisa, kunyangwe mune dzimwe nguva zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti chinhu chine toni yero nekuti ine chlorine mabraids, organic chinhu kana mune dzimwe nzira iron.

Ichi chikamu chinogona kuwanikwa ne Maitiro ekubatanidzwa uye kupinza mumvura ye gaseous hydrogen uye chlorine, inonyatso kuzivikanwa nehunhu hwayo hwekupisa, uye nemashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana ayo ainogona kupihwa, pachokwadi ikemikari inobatsira kwazvo nhasi kune akawanda maitiro anoitwa mumaindasitiri nemakambani ekugadzira, pamwe nemumalabhoritari emakemikari. .

Kutanga kweiyi asidi inoshamisa iyo mupasi rose mukurumbira muyero ndewechipiri, kuseri kwesulphuric acid, yaive munguva yepakati, apo panzvimbo pemasayendisiti akange aripo, kana vemakemikari, makomponi aya akabatwa nemaalchemist.

Izvo zvakakosha zvakanyanya zvikamu zveiyo nhoroondo yemakemikari akawanikwa kwenguva yekutanga, pamwe nehunhu hwayo, maficha, zvivakwa, mashandisiro uye zvakafanira zvekudzivirira zvichaonekwa pazasi.

Chii chinonzi hydrochloric acid?

Hydrochloric acid is aqueous solution yegasi inozivikanwa se hydrogen chloride, Hunhu hwahwo ndewekuti hunogona kungokanganisa uye kuva acidic. Izvo zvinowanzo shandiswa zvinogona kuwanikwa zveichi acid zvakafanana nekemikari reagent. Hydrochloric acid ikomboni inogona kupatsanurwa zvachose mune aqueous mhinduro.

Ichi chinoumba chine hunhu pane tembiricha yemukamuri, sekunge uine zvishoma yero yeruvara, inoparadza, ine huremu hwepamusoro mumhepo, ine hwema hunogumbura, uye inogona kupisa, kana ichinge yaburitswa mumhepo, hydrochloric acid inoumba zvakanyanya inofungidzirwa kuwanda, uko kunogona kucherechedzwa nechena chena, izvi zvinogona zvakare kudzingwa zvakasikwa nemakomo anoputika.

Hydrogen chloride inogona kuumbwa nekupisa akasiyana macomputer, senge plastiki, uye kana ichinge yasangana nemvura, ndipo panogadzirwa hydrochloric acid, macomputer maviri aya anokanganisa zvakanyanya.

Historia 

Inozivikanwa se mweya wemunyu nema alchemist ekare enguva dze medieval, chaizvo muzana ramakore regumi nemanomwe, hydrochloric acid ikomboni iyo kuwanikwa kwacho kwakakanganiswa kunzi kuna Jabir Ibn Hayyan, nekuti ndiye munyori webasa rinozivikanwa se "Pseudo -Gerber corpus ", basa racho rakabhabhatidzwa nezita iri nekuti Jabir aizivikanwawo saGerber.

MuEurope pakanga paine kuwedzera kusimba kukuru nekuda kwezvinhu zvine alkaline, iyi yaive panguva yekutanga kwekuchinja kwemaindasitiri, nekuda kwekuda uku kukuru, Nicolás Leblanc akagadzira nzira nyowani yekuwana, iyo yaibvumidza kugadzirwa kukwira padanho, kuchisvika kugadzirwa kwakawanda, uyezve zvichiita kuti zvisadhura kugadzira.

Muchirongwa cheLeblanc marasha, limestone, uye sulfuric acid zvinoshandiswa kushandura mvura kuita soda, Izvi zvinoitwa nekuburitsa hydrogen chloride sechigadzirwa chemarara, icho chakamboburitswa mudenga, asi nekuda kwemutemo wakagadzwa muna 1863, zvakamanikidza maindasitiri kupinza gasi remarara, mumvura, nekuti Izvi zvakatanga kuburitsa hydrochloric asidhi pasi rose.

Maitiro eLeblanc akagara kwemakore mazhinji, kunyangwe muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri akatsiviwa neanoshanda zvakanyanya, asi semhedzisiro haina kubvumidza kuburitswa kwehydrochloric acid, kunyangwe ichi chigadzirwa ichi chaive chashandiswa zvakanyanya pasirese, saka maindasitiri makuru vakaisa chikamu chakakura chenguva yavo mumaitiro ekuiwana, nekuti kwaitove kudiwa kwehydrochloric acid.

Hydrochloric acid zvivakwa

Hydrochloric acid ine zvakajairika zvivakwa munyika yekemisitiri, senge kusungunuka uye kufashaira mapoinzi, pH uye kuwanda, kunoenderana nekisasi yeiyo HCl komputa mune yakasimba mhinduro. Kuti uone kuyerwa, mumwe anofanirwa kuenda kune mhomho, kunyangwe izvi zvisiri mune zvese zviitiko.

Iyo yakajairika hydrochloric acid, iyo inogona kuwanikwa pakati pe zvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa zvakanyanya pamusika, inowanzo kuwanikwa mumatunhu ari pakati pe38% ne25%

38 magiramu emubatanidzwa uyu anogona kusanganiswa mumvura kune ese zana mamirilita ayo, asi pane tembiricha yakaderera inokwanisa kugadzira makristasi eHCI H2Kana ne68% HCl, mhinduro yakadaro inokwanisa kugadzira azeotrope.

Nekuda kwekuchinja kwe organic organic yezvinhu zve organic ne di-chlorine, yakawanda yehydrochloric acid inogadzirwa, maitiro aya akajairika mumaindasitiri makuru emakemikari.

Kuchenesa zvigadzirwa zvinowanzo kuve neyakaunganidzwa yechikamu ichi chemamanani kubva ku10% kusvika ku12% kazhinji, ayo anozivikanwa senzira dzekushandisa mudzimba

Kune macomputer erudzi urwu ane huwandu hwakanyanya, senge iwo e40%, kunyangwe izvi zvinowanzo kuve zvine njodzi, nekuti mwero wekusimuka wakakwira zvakanyanya, saka dzimwe nhanho dzinofanirwa kutorwa kuzvichengeta.

Imwe nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekugadzira yekuwana hydrochloric acid ndeyekuisa electrolyzing mhinduro yakajairika yemunyu, iyo inogona kugadzira di-chloro, di-hydrogen, uye sodium hydroxide. Nekuwana di-chlorine gasi nenzira iyi, inogona kusanganiswa ne-di-hydrogen gasi kugadzira iyo HCI komputa, iyo inozivikanwa nekuve yakachena kemikari.

Chemistry

Hydrogen chloride inozivikanwa se monoprotic asidhiIzvi zvinodaro nekuti mukuumbwa kwayo kunoitwa neion imwechete inozivikanwa seproton, iyo inokwanisa kusunga kune mamorekuru emvura kuti iwane oxonium ion, iyi yakareba sekunge iri mune aqueous solution.

Hydrochloric acid ine imwe ioni inonzi chloride, nekuda kweizvi, chikamu ichi chine kugona kushandiswa kugadzira munyu unozivikanwa semakirideidi, akadai se sodium chloride.

Hydrochloric acid inozivikanwa kuva ine yakasimba chaizvo mamiriro, nekuti inogona kupatsanurwa zvachose mumvura.

Monoprotic acids inogona kuratidza padanho rekuparadzaniswa kwemvura kuburikidza neyakagadziriswa nguva dzose inomiririrwa naKa, Kana iwe uine aqueous solution yeHCl, kukosha kweiyo inogara yakatsanangurwa pamusoro kazhinji kunowanzo kuve kwakasimba mune acids dzakadai seHCI kana machloride akawedzerwa, akadai saNaCl, mune izvi maitiro ekupedzisira PH anoramba ari akafanana zvakafanana, nekuda kwekuti ayo shanduko haina kukosha zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoratidza kuti inoshamisa isina kusimba conjugate base inonzi iyo CI ion inowanikwa, iyo inoratidza kuti iyo HCl iri mune ingangoita yakazara mamiriro ekuparadzaniswa kana iri mune aqueous mhinduro.

Iyi acid kunyangwe iine hunhu hunoitsanangura seyakasimba asidi, zvinoitika kuti ndizvo imwe yeiyo isina njodzi kushandisaKunyangwe iine acidity inozivikanwa, inoburitsa yakasarudzika uye isiri-chepfu chloride ion.

Chemical yekuongorora ingangoita nzvimbo yayo yekumisikidza, nekuda kwekushandisa kukuru kwayakapihwa, uyezve inobatsira kwazvo mukuzeya masampuli ezvavo kuongorora.

Nzira yekuwana sei hydrochloric acid

Inogona kuwanikwa nesodium chloride uye kupera mumvura. Mune maindasitiri maitiro anowanikwa kuburikidza nekutanga kwesodium chloride, uye kuitira kuti izvi zvisaitike zvine chisimba, magasi maviri anotanga kusanganisa kana maitiro atanga kuitika, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuita pakati peklorini nehydrogen inogona kuputika mune zvakasikwa. . Maitiro aya anozadzikiswa nekupfuura rukova rwemakesi echlorine kuburikidza nehydrogen murazvo.

Iyo yakasvibirira iyi maitiro ndeye sodium chloride. Kuti uwane madanho anodiwa echlorine uye hydrogen, inofanira kuitwa electrolysis yeiyo yakanyatsogadziriswa sodium chloride solution, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa nezita reti brine.

Sagua la Grande iguta riri muCuba, nyika yayo iri pamba pechirimwa chemakemikari chinozivikanwa seElectroquímica de Sagua, mune ino nharaunda inowanikwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akatsanangurwa pamusoro. Zita chairo rechirimwa "Elpidio Sosa".

Mazhinji mafomu anowanzo shandiswa echikamu ichi

Hydrochloric acid ine hukuru hunhu, saka iine kugona kuzadzikisa akati wandei mabasa, nekuti inoonekwa seyakasimba, isina kugadzikana asidi uye inopfuura zvese, iri yakachipa asidi. Iko kushandiswa kwakajairika uko kunogona kuwanikwa kwechikamu ichi kwakafanana neanodzika, nekuti inogona kubvisa limestone.

Mune maindasitiri ekugadzira chikafu, kushandiswa kwayo kunogona kucherechedzwa kupwanya mapfupa ayo gelatin yakagadzirirwa.

Iyi acid inogona zvakare kushandiswa kubvisa marara ayo zvinhu zvine alkaline zvinogona kusiya kumashure, uyezve zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa PH yemamwe mhinduro, kana kunyatsonzwisisa acidity yavo, senge chikafu, mvura, uye zvigadzirwa zvemishonga.

Chinhu chakakosha kushandisa kuputsa oxide rukoko runogona kuumba pane simbi hukawanika, maitiro aya hunhu hwe metallurgical process indasitiri.

Imwe yemabasa akakosha ndeyokuvandudza ion resin resin, iyo yemhando yepamusoro hydrochloric acid inofanira kushandiswa.

Ngozi uye zvinokuvadza

Kubata zvisirizvo pamwe nekubiridzira kwekomboni iyi, kana maitiro ekuiwana, zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro, izvo zvakanyanya kukosha kuti uve neruzivo rwushoma, nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho zvimwe zvinokuvadza nenjodzi zvinoratidzwa pazasi. kuunza zvinodya, kana kusangana nehydrochloric acid.

Zvinokuvadza

Iyo yakaipa mhedzisiro yehydrochloric acid inogona kutambudzwa kunyangwe iri zvishoma kubva pakuita kwayo, nekuti chinhu chinogumbura uye chinokanganisa chero mhando yenyama, saka kuve padyo kwayo kana kutanga kubatana kwakananga kunogona kukonzera kusanganisira kufa.

Zvichienderana nekutangisisa uye chinhambwe chemukomboni uyu, zvinogona kukonzera kubva mukushatirwa kudiki, kusvika pakutsva kwakakomba paganda revanhu, kunyangwe kuburitswa kunogona kutaridzika kwakaderera munguva refu kunogona kuburitsa zvimwe zviratidzo sekushatirwa huro, mumaziso, matambudziko ekufema, uye kushanduka kwemazino.

Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti mukomboni uyu unonyanya kukuvadza vanhu, mudumbu mune 3% yehydrochloric acid, nekuti inobatsira nekuora kwechikafu, uye nekushayikwa kwevhithamini.

Kushaikwa kwechikamu ichi mudumbu kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakakomba sehypochlorhydria uye achlorhydria, izvo zvinokwanisika kuita catapults yechirwere chakakomba chinonzi gastroenteritis.

Mune maindasitiri zvave zvichikwanisika kucherechedza nekudzidza kuti vashandi vanoverengeka vakafumurwa kune iyi acid vakafa nekenza yemapapu inokonzerwa neiyo imwechete hydrochloric acid.

Njodzi dzinowanzoitika

Kune njodzi dzinoverengeka dzinogona kumuka kana uchinge wasangana nechero mhando nehydrochloric acid, iyo inogona kuve nekuifuridzira, kuimedza, kana nekubata nemeso kana ganda, rinozotsanangurwa pazasi.

Inhalation njodzi

Kufema kwemweya kunowanzo kukanganisa mweya wekufema, uye nekumisikidza mweya wekufema, zvichikonzera hosha dzakadai seacute bronchitis, kuora kwakanyanya kwenzira yekufema, nekushatirisa kwenzira yekufema.

Kuti urwise zviratidzo zvinokonzerwa nekusangana nekomboni iyi, zvakakosha kuti utange waona kukosha kwenyaya iyi, semuenzaniso mune imwe yenzira dzakaipisisa iyo munhu akabatwa nechirwere chekufema, zvakakosha kuti umutsiridze cardiopulmonary kana kuti zviri nani kuzivikanwa seCPR, uye mune zvakadzikama zviitiko, munhu akabatwa anofanirwa kuendeswa kunzvimbo ine mweya mutsva, unochengetwa pane tembiricha yenguva dzose uye wakachengetwa wakanyarara.

Njodzi kumeso

Kuburitswa kwenhengo dzinoonekwa kunogona kuva nemhedzisiro dzakakomba kwavari, uye nekukanganisa kwehutano hwekuona hwemunhu, nekuti vanogona kutambura nekuzvimba muziso, kutsamwiswa kweziso uye kutsamwa kwemhino, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kune yekuwedzera maronda emhuno, uye mune dzakanyanya kuoma kesi necrosis mumaziso, zvinoreva kuti maseru ezvinyama zveziso anotanga kupunzika nekufa.

Kuti urape zviratidzo, kana kuzvionera pachako kune hydrochloric acid, munhu akafumurwa anofanira kutanga maitiro ekugeza maziso nemvura yakawanda, maitiro aya anofanirwa kutora ingangoita maminetsi gumi neshanu. Izvo zvakakosha kuti usasanganise iyo chlorine zvachose, kana kuburitswa kwairi mushure mehydrochloric acid.

Ngozi dzeganda

Ganda rinotambura nekuratidzwa padyo kana kure kunogona kutungamira mukushatirwa kweganda, uye kunyange kupisa kwakakomba kumaturu eganda, pamwe nezviitiko zvemaronda.

Kurapa munhu akatambura nekuratidzwa nehydrochloric acid paganda, zvipfeko zvese zvinofanirwa kuchekwa uye kubviswa, zvinosanganisira mabhurugwa, mahembe, bhutsu, masokisi, pakati pevamwe, uye wozonyatsogeza mvura inokanganisa kweinenge maminetsi makumi maviri. .

Kuisa njodzi

Njodzi dzinowanzoitika mushure mekumwiswa kwechinhu ichi igastritis, mudumbu edema, necrosis yemudumbu matumbu uye nhengo dziri padyo, hemorrhagic gastritis uye kupisa mudumbu.

Kuti ubate uye ubatsire munhu akatambura nekuratidzwa kwerudzi urwu, izvo zvinogona kunzi ndizvo zvakakomba, nekuti zvinopinda mumuviri, ndezvekumunwisa mvura yakawanda, kana mukaka, uye , chero mumamiriro ezvinhu chero api anofanirwa kurutsa.