Chinyorwa ichi chinotsvaga kuona pakati penzira inodzora uye nzira yekubvisa, kubudikidza neaya marongero ekutsvagisa tinogona kuwana mhedziso mhedzisiro inobatsira kudzidza.
Nemhando mbiri idzi dzedzidzo, tinogona kuvhara ongororo kubva pamusoro wenyaya kusvika kune wakatarwa. Ichi chinyorwa chakanakira chero munhu wekuferefeta, anoda kuziva uye anoongorora munhu anoda kuziva pfungwa dzenzira mbiri idzi.
Ndeipi iyo inductive nzira?
Mune ino nzira yekuferefeta, nzvimbo yacho ndiyo hwaro hwekupedzisa, kuti uwane mugumo wekupedzisira zvichibva pakuferefetwa kuburikidza nenzira yekumisikidza, zvinodikanwa kuve nezvinhu zvinomhanyisa kuongorora senzvimbo. Mhedziso yakachengeteka sezvo yakavakirwa paumbowo hwehumbowo.
Mukati mezvinoreva zvakasiyana, tinowana chirevo icho chinobatanidza zvese zvakajairwa misimboti kudzamara tasvika pane chakatarwa cheicho chiitiko, dambudziko kana chinhu chiri kudzidzwa.
Kune rimwe divi, kuita ongororo zvichienderana nemaitiro ekunyengedza, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuwongorora dzinoshandiswa dzisingasiye chero hunhu hunogadza chimiro chechinetso, nekuti izvi, zvinobva pane zvakanyanya pfungwa kuenda kune yakanyanya kutaurwa. .
Iyi nzira inowanzo shandiswa nenzira yesainzi, ichigadzira mikana yekutsanangudza fungidziro uye kutsanangura dzidziso.
Mhando dzekufungidzira inductive
Kuti titsanangure zvizere zvinoenderana neiyi nzira inonyengera, isu taida kuratidza hunhu hwayo maererano nemhando dzinotevera:
Generalization
Icho chirevo icho chinovakirwa pane zvakajairika chinhu chevanhu, chinhu chinodzidziswa a priori uyezve mhedzisiro inopihwa zvichibva pane zvakatanga kuonekwa. Mumutauro wekutaura tinowana mimwe mienzaniso yakaita seinotevera:
Mienzaniso ye generalization
- "Ndasangana nemurume mukuru uye akapfuma anova mudiwa wemukadzi wechidiki, zvirokwazvo vakadzi vese vechidiki vari kutsvaga murume mukuru ane mari."
- "Nhasi ndasangana newangu tutor course, he is a bore, sure vamwe vaperekedzi vese vakafanana."
- "Ndatenga zvirongo zviviri zvemayonnaise uye imwe yatadza, chokwadi imwe yacho yakanganisika."
- "Ndakasangana nemuKaturike anonyanyisa, saka maKaturike ese vanonyanyisa."
- "Ndatarisa mamwe mapeji ebhuku rekuzvibatsira uye rakaita serinouraya kwandiri, saka mabhuku ese ekuzvibatsira anouraya."
- "Amai vemusikana wangu vanoita spaghetti yakaipa kwazvo, zvechokwadi vakafanana kwaari."
Statistical syllogism
Izvo zvinoenderana nekudzidza kwezvinhu zvakasiyana zvinoenderana nehuwandu, semuenzaniso, chikamu Y chevagari J chine hunhu A, nekudaro, munhu X inhengo yeJ.
Nekudaro, pane mukana unoenderana neY kuti X ane A.
Mienzaniso yehuwandu hwakawanda syllogism
- Vazhinji vadzidzi vepuraimari vane inda dzemusoro.
- Alberto mudzidzi wepuraimari.
- Alberto ane mukana wakakura wekuwana inda dzemusoro.
- Vakadzi havagone kudya kofi
- Vabiki vanodya kofi.
- Hakuna mubiki mukadzi.
- Imbwa dzese dzine hukasha
- Hapana katsi ine hukasha
- Hapana katsi inogona kuva imbwa.
- 78% yevarume vanoshanda mumigodhi ngochani.
- Antonio mugodhi
- Iko kune 78% mukana wekuti Antonio ngochani.
- Kazhinji vakadzi vanogera makumbo.
- Ndiri mukadzi
- Ndinoveura makumbo.
Yakareruka induction
Iyi mhedziso yakapusa yezviitiko zvinoitika zvakatenderedza mumwe munhu, semuenzaniso, chikamu Y chevagari J vane hunhu A, nekudaro, munhu X inhengo yeJ.
Nekudaro, pane mukana unoenderana neY kuti X ane A.
Nyore induction mienzaniso
- Juan akandipa bhutsu uye imwe yakakuvadzwa, ipapo baba vangu vakandipa imwe bhutsu uye imwe yakakuvara, pakupedzisira, hama yangu akandipa imwe shangu imwe uye imwe yakakuvadzwa; Izvi zvinoreva kuti pese pavanondipa shangu imwe inondikuvadza.
- NeMuvhuro ndakashanda uye handina kuzopedzisa mareport avakandibvunza, neChipiri ndakaenda kubasa ndikatadza kupedzisa mareport avakandibvunzawo, nhasi ndaifanirwa kushanda uye handina kuzopedzisa marepoti; Izvi zvinoreva kuti nguva dzandinoenda kubasa handikwanise kuzadzikisa mabasa angu.
- Nemugovera ndakaenda kuchitoro chaMaría kunotenga macookie echokoreti uye maingova nemacookie evanilla chete, musi weSvondo ndakaendawo ndikawana paine macookie evanilla chete, nhasi Pablo aenda kuchitoro chaMaría ndokunotenga macookie echokoreti; Izvi zvinoreva kuti handife ndakakwanisa kutenga chokoreti chip makuki kana ndikaenda kuchitoro ndoga.
Kupokana kubva mukufananidza
Iyi nzira inoreva maitiro maviri ane hukama, semuenzaniso, H uye A akafanana nemidziyo yeX, Y uye Z.Ipapo, zvakaonekwa kuti element H ine element B, saka, A pamwe zvakare ine element B.
Mienzaniso yekukakavara kubva mukufananidza
- Chiedza kune rima sekushisa kuri kutonhora.
- Kutya kudanidzira sekuseka kumufaro.
- Kusuruvara kuita misodzi sekuneta kunyarara.
- Radiyo iri kunzeve kunge terevhizheni kuona.
- Muzinga ndewebvudzi seshangu kutsoka.
- Bheya kusango seshumba kuita musango.
- Perfume ndeyekuchenesa semunhuhwi wakasviba wetsvina.
- Spain iri kuMadrid seFrance iri kuParis.
- Juzi rinotonhora sezvo ipfupi iri kupisa.
- Kudikitira ndeye kurovedza muviri kunge mafuta kusvika kugarire hupenyu.
Zvakajairika kutevedzera
Iyi mhedziso yakatorwa kubva kuhukama hwechiitiko chechiitiko zvine chekuita nechinhu chinotevera.
Zvivakwa zvinoratidza hukama pakati pevaviri, zvinogona kukanganisa hukama pakati pavo.
Mienzaniso yekusazvibata
- Idzi imbwa dzese mune hofisi yezvipfuyo dzakauya kuzonetsekana nezvikwekwe, ese marudzi akasiyana uye hukuru uye ane mararamiro akasiyana; Nekudaro, vakadzi vese vauya nevaridzi vavo, vese vakazivisa kuti hutsanana hwavakapa imbwa hwaive husina hanya zvakanyanya, saka chiremba wemhuka anosvika pakufunga kuti imbwa dzine varidzi dzinowanzova nezvikwekwe.
- Kiriniki yepfungwa inogamuchira varwere vanomwe vane dambudziko rekurara.Chidzidzo chakaitwa pavarwere vanomwe vakagumisa kuti vaviri vavo vakaona vabereki vane dambudziko rakafanana muhudiki hwavo, uye vashanu vavo vaive nehudiki hwakazara; Vatsvakurudzi vanogumisa kuti kuva nevabereki vane matambudziko ekurara hazvirevi zvakananga dambudziko rakakura semukuru.
- Musha wekurera unogamuchira vana gumi nherera, vanomwe vavo vakasiiwa nevabereki vane hunyanzvi uye vane hupfumi, nepo vatatu chete vavo vakasiiwa nevabereki varombo; avo vane mutoro wemhuri yemhuri vanogumisa kuti izvo zvedzidzo uye hupfumi chinhu hachikanganisa tsika nemagariro evabereki.
Kufanotaura
Mhedziso yechiitiko chenguva yemberi inoitwa zvichibva pane zvakaitika kare.
Kufanotaura mienzaniso
- Pese pandinoenda kuchitoro ndinokanganwa makadhi angu echikwereti
- Nhasi ndinoenda kuchitoro
- Nhasi ndichakanganwa makadhi echikwereti.
- Pandinoenda kuchitoro chemadomasi muto ndinoona iri mayonnaise
- Nhasi ndinoenda kuchitoro
- Nhasi ndinongotenga mayonnaise.
- Mumwe wangu akatenga chikwama nemutengo mukuru.
- Nhasi ndinotenga chikwama
- Nhasi ndinotenga chikwama nemutengo wakanaka kwazvo.
- Antonio akakurudzira Pilar pamhenderekedzo.
- NeMuvhuro Mario neni tinoenda kumahombekombe.
- NeMuvhuro Mario anondifungira.
- Mumhuri yaJuan mune vakadzi vashanu vanonzi Gabriela
- Musikana waJuan ane pamuviri
- Kana musikana waJuan ane musikana, zita rake achanzi Gabriela.
- Ndinogara ndichiwedzera uremu muna Zvita
- Kisimusi inotanga mumazuva matatu
- Mumazuva matatu kana zvakadaro ini ndichatanga kuwedzera uremu.
- Vabereki vangu vakapa mukoma wangu imbwa yezuva rake rekuzvarwa
- Mangwana izuva rangu rekuzvarwa.
- Mangwana vanondipa imbwa.
Ndeipi nzira yekubvisa?
Iyi nzira inoda maviri kana anopfuura maficha kusvika pamhedziso. Dzese pfungwa dzinofanirwa kunge dzakajeka kuitira kuti kubviswa kwematambudziko kusvike pane imwe mhedziso
Kubvisa kunowanzo kutangwa neyekufungidzira uye nemikana inogadzira mhedzisiro uye zvine musoro, semuenzaniso: vakadzi vese vakanaka, mumwe nemumwe Z mukadzi, saka wega Z wakanaka.
Mhando dzekubvisa kufunga
Kuti titsanangure zvizere kuti nzira inobvisa inobatanidzei, isu taida kuratidza hunhu hwayo zvinoenderana nemhando dzinotevera:
Detachment mutemo
Chirevo chimwe chete chakaitwa uye kungofungidzira kumwe chete kunounzwa T inofungidzirwa, mhedzisiro F ndiko kubviswa kweiyi nharo uye nekudaro: T kusvika F chirevo, T inotsanangurwa uye F ndiko kubviswa kweyekufungidzira.
Mienzaniso yemutemo wechikwata
- Ndine mhuka dzinovaraidza nhatu, imwe iine makore mashanu ekuberekwa uye imwe iine makore masere ekuberekwa, kana chipfuwo changu chechitatu chakura pane icho chine makore mashanu asi chiri chidiki pane icho chiri zvisere, ipapo chipfuwo changu chechitatu chine makore manomwe .
- Mumhuri mangu tiri makumi maviri, gumi vacho vakadzi, izvo zvinoreva kuti nhengo nomwe dzasara varume.
- Ndinofanira kutenga makumi maviri nemaviri emagirazi, uye ndakatotenga magirazi makumi mana nemazana mashanu, naizvozvo, gumi nerimwe rasara ndinofanira kutenga pakuverenga.
- Marcos ane munin'ina ane makore makumi maviri nematatu uye mukoma mukuru ane 23, izvi zvinoreva kuti Marcos ane makore makumi maviri nemana ekuberekwa.
- Andrea achakoka vanhu makumi matatu nevatanhatu kumabiko ake ekuzvarwa, 36 yevaenzi vanhu vakuru, saka makumi maviri nevaviri vana.
Syllogism mutemo
Iyi nzira yekubvisa inopa mibvunzo miviri inogona kukonzera chikonzero chechitatu kuti chigadziriswe, ichiumba fungidziro kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zviviri kusvika kune chechitatu, semuenzaniso, kana Maria aine fivha haakwanise kuenda kumamuvhi naamai vake, kana Maria haaendi Anoenda kumabhaisikopo, acharovha bhaisikopo, saka kana Maria aine fever acharasikirwa nemuvhi.
Mienzaniso syllogisms
- Dzimwe nduru dzine huturu
- Mhuka dzine muchetura dzinovhunduka ini.
- Dzimwe mhungu dzinondityisa.
- Ndinoda zvese zviri pink
- Hamu ipingi
- Ndinoda ham
- Ndinoda vakadzi vane bvudzi pfupi
- Andrea ane vhudzi pfupi
- Ndinoda Andrea
- Hakuna munhu anokwanisa kufamba pamusoro pemvura
- Manuel murume
- Manuel haagone kufamba pamusoro pemvura
- Muzvitoro zvese mune bhutsu dzebhuruu
- Muchitoro chekona vanotengesa shangu
- Muchitoro chekona vanotengesa bhutsu dzebhuruu
- Zvese zvinonhuwirira zveChanel zvinodhura
- Chanel yakavhura mafuta ayo matsva
- Chanel pefiyumu inodhura.
- Vakadzi vese vane vhudzi dema
- Sofia mukadzi
- Sofia ane bvudzi dema.
Counter-kudzokorora mutemo
Zvakareruka, kana mhedzisiro yakapihwa pamusoro wenyaya kana chinhu iri manyepo, fungidziro ndeye nhema, semuenzaniso: Kana amai vangu vari kubika hove, saka hapana hove Handina mari, saka ndinogona kutenga imba.
Enzaniso Mutemo weiye-kudzokorodza
- Kana akachema anofara, kana akasuruvara saka ari kuseka.
- Kana akati iye anoda kuenda, ari kuti kwete, saka aenda nekuti ati kwete.
- Ndinorara ndiri muchitima, handisi muchitima saka ndinorara.
Musiyano uripo pakati penzira mbiri idzi
Imwe yeaya ekutsvagisa uye ekuongorora nzira ane chikonzero chekuve. Nekudaro, ivo vane misiyano inozivikanwa iyo inofanirwa kuongororwa nevanoongorora vanogadzirisa mhando dzese dzemisoro.
Chekutanga, iyo inductive nzira yakavakirwa pane fungidziro dzinovaka mhedzisiro, kusiyana nenzira yekubvisa iyo inofanirwa kunge yakavakirwa padzidziso dzinovakirwa pazvinhu zvinooneka uye zvinovimbika.
Iyo inductive nzira inonakidzwa ne spontaneity iyo iyo musoro wenyaya zvine chekuita nezve yakakosha uye yekuzviisa pasi maonero uye nzira yekuona zvimwe zvinhu. Iyo ine zvakawanda zvinokanganisa pamanzwiro nepfungwa dzemunhu, inoshanda sebhiriji rinonzwika pakati pezvifananidzo zvekunze uye kufunga kusingaonekwe.
Kune chikamu chayo, iyo nzira yekubvisa inoenderana neanooneka uye anovimbika. Ongororo yakawandisa inodikanwa kuratidza fungidziro yakavakirwa pane dzakasiyana nharo.