Kufanana nenyika zhinji dzeAmerica, Mexico yaive chikamu cheSpain koloni iyo kwemakore mazana matatu, yaitonga nyika ino, ichiunza nemhedzisiro huru yekunyengera munyika, asi ngatitange kubva pakutanga, Zvaive Hernan Cortes, kwaari vanoti pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 1519 akatungamira rwendo rwakamutungamira kukunda Mexico, achinzi ndiye akakunda nharaunda huru iyi. Gore ra600 rakapfuura, raive nevarume vanopfuura mazana matanhatu vakasiya Cuba vaine chinangwa chekuYukatán, ngarava gumi nembiri, mabhiza gumi nematanhatu uye zvidimbu gumi nemana zvezvombo.
Yako yekutanga kuonana muAmerica Yakanga iri muCozumel neTabasco, chiteshi chengarava chakakosha, kwavakagara vachikunda vaMayas. Ikoko Cortés akamanikidza chiKristu sechitendero, achiraira kuparadzwa kwemifananidzo yechitendero yakanga yamiswa munharaunda.
Kukunda kwakaenderera mberi, kwakanangana nevanhu veTecnochtitlán, humambo hweAztec hwaitongwa naMambo Moctezuma II. Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwakabatwa naCortés, dunhu iri rakachengeta hupfumi hukuru zvekuti kurova kwake hakuna kudedera kunyudza ngarava dzaive dzakarara muVeracruz, izvi kudzivirira varume vake kubva pakuyedzwa kudzoka nekuda kwehunhu hwakajeka hwavanomiririra. Apa ndipo panobva mazwi anozivikanwa ekuti "pisa ngarava", anoreva kutsunga kusingachinjiki. Zvese izvi zvichidarika zvechitendero uye zvetsika zvitendero zvekuti kusvikira nguva iyoyo yaitonga munyika ino yeCentral America. Saka kupanduka kwechizvarwa kwakamuka, uko kwakaonekwa yakaparadza mauto eCortes uyo mukuyedza kwake kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu akawana kufa kwamambo. Iyo nguva yenhoroondo inozivikanwa se "husiku hwakasuruvara" uye zvakaitika musi wa 30 Chikumi, 1520, ndiko kutanga kwakakunda kweSpanish nzvimbo yeAztec, zviito izvo zvakamutsa vamwe kudzamara vasvika pakukundwa kuzere nekushandura Mexico kuNew Spain.
Makore mazana matatu ehurumende yeSpain
Paive nemakore mazana matatu akapfuura uko hurumende yeSpain yakatonga New Spain zviri nyore. Imwezve koloni yeumambo hweSpain, kwavari aya makoloni aifanira kupa uye kupedzisa hupfumi peninsula, ndiko kuti, kugovera izvo zvaive zvisipo muSpain, saka vaive nekutonga kwakanyanyisa pamusoro pekutengeserana kwekunze; Pamusoro pekusanganiswa kwetsika, sezvo veSpanish vakauya nevaranda vatema navo, vakauyawo nezvirwere zvaive zvekune dzimwe nzvimbo kumatunhu aya, zvichikanganisa huwandu hwekufa kwevanhu vemo, izvo zvakadonha mumakore makumi matatu ekutanga ne300%.
Iyi nhamba yakakurudzirwawo nebasa rangu, huranda uye encomiendas, zvichikonzera Korona ichatora matanho sekurambidzwa kwe encomiendas. Misiyano muMexico yakanga ichikura, dzimba hombe dzemhando dzekuEurope, machechi mahombe, mapasuru engoro, magadheni akavakwa. Asi kuti vabudirire "kuvaka" kweNew Spain, vakaparadza dzimba dzemajaya, mapiramidhi, tembere uye vakatsvaga nzira yekukanganisa pfungwa dzefilosofi, vachipinza zvimwe zvitendero, zvisinei, kushungurudzwa kwakaitwa maCreoles uye nekune rumwe rutivi kune vemo Zvishoma nezvishoma zvakaburitsa kusagutsikana, zvikaita kufamba kwakazomuka kuratidzira marongero aivepo.
Kumukira
Kukurudzirwa nezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, mabheseni akagadzirirwa kumukira mativi ese, pakutanga ivo protagonists vaive vemuno nevemestizo. Kusimbisa sekuzivikanwa kwakamuka muna 1541 muNueva Galicia, 1660 muTehuantepec, 1670 muYucatán, 1712 kuChiapas, 1797 muTeotitlán. Muna 1565, vaneta nekushomeka kwakaiswa neCrown nemaCreoles, ivowo vakapikisa, musarudzo nekuda kwesarudzo yakatorwa yekurambidza encomienda. Pakazosvika 1662, kumukira kwevanhu vemo uye mestizo kwakakwanisa kudzora Mexico City kwezuva. Panguva yechiito ichocho kusvirwa Viceregal Palace, uye zvese zvakaratidza kubudirira, zvisinei, ivo vakakwanisa kukundwa uye vatungamiriri vavo vakaurayiwa neSpanish.
Zvinokonzera zvikonzero zvekusununguka
Sezvatotaurwa, kusagutsikana kwaipinda nechisimba uye zvizvarwa zvemo, zvisinei, maererano nezvakaitika pane zvikonzero zvemukati nekunze zvaive zvine mutsindo kuti rusununguko rwenyika yeAztec ruvepo.
Mukati, vanovimbisa kuti zvakakanganisa:
- Urombo hwevagari vemo nevaranda, vaive nezvitendero zvakasiyana, saka vaishuvira kupatsanurwa kubva pakudzidziswa kwaiitwa Crown uye izvo zvaive zvavatungamira mukuparadzwa kwetsika yemadzitateguru avo.
- Iko kusaenzana kwehupfumi uye kwemagariro kwevagari, avo vakapatsanurwa nekirasi. Nepo vamwe vaizvikudza, vamwe vakashoreka.
- Kudzvinyirira uye kuzvitutumadza kwevaEurope maererano neVaCreoles vavakatambudza zvakada kufanana nevekwavo nevaranda. Aya akaberekerwa mudunhu ainzwa akaderera kune veSpanish, saka vachikurudzirwa nemanzwiro emunyika rangano dzakatanga..
Izvi padanho rezvese, asi zvinogona kudomwa kuti avo vakashanda pane haciendas havana kuwana muhoro. Asi, vakawana chikwereti cheupenyu uye kunyangwe mushure mekufa nekuti chakagarwa nhaka.
En MuNew Spain maive nemazambosi, mulattos, vanhu vemo, mamestizo, vese vanogara pasi pehuranda uye vakashurikidzwa nechinhu chakareruka chekuti havana kuzvarwa kuSpain.. Vese pasina kusarudzika vaive vashandi vasina kana tarisiro diki yekurarama vakazvimiririra, kune rimwe divi, kwaive nezvikonzero zvekunze izvo zvakasimudza kudiwa kwekuparadzaniswa neCrown.
Mukutaura, nyaya yacho inoreva kusununguka kwemakoloni gumi nematanhatu eAmerica (United States), ayo aive akatongwa neGreat Britain. Kukonana kwakatanga muna13, kwakazivikanwa sehondo yakaoma iyo yakazoguma muna 15. Zviitiko izvi zvakakanganisa zvikuru kumwe kufambidzana kwevanhu senge kwakaitika kuMexico nemasangano ekusunungura mune mamwe makoloni aive muLatin America.
Gare gare, kunyangwe ichikurudzirwa nerusununguko rwemakoloni gumi nematatu, Chimurenga cheFrance chakauya kuSpain panguva yekuparara. Aive Napoleon Bonaparte akapinda muna 13, achitsiva mambo Charles IV. Izvi zvakanetesa hutongi hwavaishandisa pamakoloni, nekudaro, chokwadi chakatorwa nemaAmericans kuisa musangano wekuzvimirira; Panguva iyoyo, paive nezvikamu zviviri zvaifarira rusununguko: mapoka anochengetedza akabatana nenzvimbo hombe uye chechi, uye maCreoles vaive nhengo dzevafundisi vepasi nemauto epakati.
Kumwe kwekufurira kwekunze kunogona kutaurwa, uye pamwe kwekutanga, ndekwevazivi veEuropean Enlightenment, pakati pavo vanotaurwa nezvaRousseau, Voltaire naMontesquieu. Izvi zvakaisa kuzvinyorwa zvavakagadzira pa: mitemo, kupatsanurwa kwemasimba, tsika uye hunhu hwenyika, hutongi hwevanhu, pakati pevamwe, izvi zvese zvakapa pfungwa dzekuti nyika inofanirwa kushanda sei pane mabasa nemvumo dzevagari nehurumende. , Apo zvinyorwa izvi zvaizivikanwa, zvakaratidza pesvedzero yepasirese, kunyanya mumakoloni ayo airarama achibhadharisa boka uye hutongi hunodzvinyirira.
Muna 1810, mambakwedza musi waGunyana 16, kupera kwemutemo wekune dzimwe nyika kuMexico kwakatanga, kwakatangira vanhu veko nyora nyaya yako wega. Aive makore gumi nerimwechete akapfuura pakati pehondo nekusangana; kuburitsa vakaurayiwa mumauto. Musi waSeptember 11, 2, iyo Trigarante Mauto akagumisa kurwira rusununguko rweMexico.