Sezvo isu tatoziva, zvese zvipenyu zvepanyika hazvigone chete, asi tinodawo kufema. Icho chinhu chakakosha kuchengetedza hupenyu, uye zvisinei kuti uri munhu here, amphibian, mhuka kana chirimwa, iwe uchazoda, neimwe nzira kana imwe, kuti uwane oxygen.
Kufema kwepulmonary ndiko wepakati nepakati vanhu vapi, uyezve mhuka zhinji, vanowana okisijeni yavanoda kuti vagare cpahupenyu. Isu tinofema uye tinoburitsa magasi kubva kunharaunda nekufutisa mapapu edu. Photosynthetic kufema ndizvo zvatinoziva kuburikidza nemiti, iyo mushure mekuzviita inoburitsa chikamu cheo oxygen yatinoda kurarama.
Kufema kweganda, zvakadaro, kunoitirwa mhando dzakasiyana dzemamphibian uye annelids. Uye inozivikanwa senzira yekushandisa iyo magasi kupinda mukati meganda uye bvumira kunwa kweokisijeni. Pese apa positi tichave tichidzidza zvimwe zvishoma zvimwe pamusoro peiyi mhando yekufema; Ndezvipi mhuka kana mhando dzinogona kuva nazvo, kuti dzinoshanda sei uye ndeapi maitiro makuru ainayo, kufema kweganda.
Ndeipi tsanangudzo yako?
Sezvatakambotaura, iyi mhando yekufema kuburikidza neganda, iro rinoitika mumarudzi mazhinji emamphibian, yea annelids uye zvekare emamwe echinoderms. Kune yerudzi urwu rwekufema zvakakosha kusiyanisa chikamu chemuviri, icho chinogadzirisa chimiro chekufema. Ganda, pachikamu charo, inova nzira inoshandiswa nekutsinhana kwegesi, rinofanira kunge rakatetepa, rakanyorova, uye panguva imwechete richidiridzwa nharaunda yemhuka iri kutaurwa.
Iyi gasi kuchinjana kunoitwa nemaitiro aya kunoitwa kuburikidza nepidermis, chero bedzi iyo yekunze cuticle yakanyoroveswa.
Mhuka dzinokwanisa kufema nekucheka kazhinji dzinogara munzvimbo dzine hunyoro kana munzvimbo dzemumvura, nekuti kufema uku kunongoshanda chete munzvimbo idzi.. Dzimwe mhuka dzine mhando iyi yekufema jellyfish, anemones, mamwe matatya nematatya, honye dzepasi nevamwe vashoma.
Kufema kweganda kunoitwa sei?
Kufema kwakatemwa, pamwe chete negill, tracheal uye pulmonary kufema, ndeimwe yemhando ina dzekufema idzo mhuka dzinogona kukura. Iyi mweya unopihwa panguva iyo kana kuchinjana kwemweya kunoitika kuburikidza cheganda kana cheimwe nzvimbo sedzemumuromo kana mumakomba emukati ayo, kana akazadzwa nemvura, anoumba anonzi mapapu emumvura.
MaAmphibhi, pavanopfuura nhanho yavo yetapori, vane mukana wekufema pasi pemvura kuburikidza nemagill avanongova nawo panguva ino yekukura kwavo.
Kana vangova nazvo akura gills anotanga kutsakatika uye maamphibian anokudziridza mapapu anovabvumira kufema pamusoro penyika. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, ivo vanokwanisa kuita kufema kwakacheka-cheka, sezvo vaine epidermis yakatetepa kwazvo, pamwe nedermis rakanyatsosimba uye izvo zvinovatendera kuti vatakure okisijeni mumuviri wese kuburikidza neropa.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuvapo kuti zviitike?
Kuti izvi zviitwe nemazvo zvakakosha kuti mhuka iite ganda rinobvumidzwa uye rakatetepa, iro rinobvumidza kuti oxygen isvike mumuviri kuburikidza neropa. Vanhu uye mazhinji emhuka haakwanise kuita mhando iyi yekufema sezvo ganda ravo rakakora kupfuura zvaidiwa, uye mune dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya kuomarara kuti uwane kufema kwakapetana.
Ganda remhuka rinofanirwa kunge riine chikamu chakakura chepasi chakabatana nekunze uye chiitiko chepasi chemetaboli. Kubva pane izvi, mune mamwe maamphibians ganda rine makwinya madiki anovabvumira kuti vawedzere iyo pachena nzvimbo kuitira kuchinjanisa gasi zvakanyanya.
Kana isu tikataura nezvenyaya yemamphibians, kufema kweganda kunovhara chete 2% yekuuya kweoksijeni inogadzirwa, nepo kune zviremwaremwa, chiropterans, kufema uku kunofukidza 20% yeoksijeni yavanogamuchira, sezvo ganda rayo rakakura uye mutete uye inovhara mitezo yemitezo, saka huwandu hweganda rakafumurwa hunowedzerwa.
Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti mumhuka zhinji dzine mhando yekufema iyi, inoitika sechikamu chemweya miviri. Sezvazviri mune amphibians uye zviremwaremwa, kuti kunyangwe ivo vachigona kuita kufema kweganda, vane zvakare kufema kwemapapu.
Kufema kweganda mumarudzi akasiyana siyana
Kune marudzi nhasi asina mapapu, asi achiri kugona kufema kuburikidza nekufema uku. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune mhando dzinoitora semubatsiri kune imwe mweya, nekuti ivo vanokwanisa kuzviita zvese kuti vararame. Iye zvino tichazoziva kuti kufema kweganda kunoitwa sei mumarudzi akasiyana siyana.
Amphibians
Mune mazhinji maamphibian ganda rakashandurwa kune iyi mhando yekufema, uye mazhinji acho havana mapapu izvo zvinovatendera kuti vatore mamwe marudzi ekufema. Kana isu tikatora semuenzaniso zvinosetsa zvinodaidzwa pulsed salamander Tinogona kuona kuti iyi mhando yemamphibian inoshaya mapapu zvachose; Nekudaro, inorongedzwa semhando dzakawanda kwazvo dzesaramander pasi pano.
Nepo maamphibian akanyudzwa zvakakwana mumvura, kufema kunoitika kuburikidza neganda ravo. Iyi inhengo inotsemuka kuburikidza nawo iwo mweya unogona kutenderera uye kufamba kubva mumidziyo yeropa kuenda kune zvese zvakavakomberedza.
Kune zvakare zviitiko zvemamphibians zvinofema kuburikidza nemagill, pamwe nekuvapo kweinonzi matatya erenje vane ganda rakaoma. Muzviitiko izvi mhando yekufema iyi haigoneke.
Zvipfuwo
Mammamal anowanzo endothermic marudzi, anozivikanwawo seanodziya-ropa. Idzi mhuka dzine hunyanzvi hwemagetsi kupfuura dziya dzinonzi dzinotonhora-ropa.
Zvimwechetezvo, ganda remhuka idzi, sezvatotaurwa, inhengo yakaoma yakaoma uye mune dzinoverengeka rakakora, risingatenderi, mumhuka zhinji dzinoyamwisa, mweya weganda unoshanda. Nekudaro, kune vamwe vanokwanisa kuzviita, asi ivo vanotoita chikamu chidiki chevagari.
Mabheti anokwanisa kutora makumi maviri muzana e okisijeni yavanoda kuti vararame kuburikidza neganda, nepo vanhu vachikwanisa chete kutora 20% yemweya wakakosha kuti vararame, izvo zvaisazovatendera kuti vararame nemhando iyi kufema.
Reptiles
Nekuti ganda ravo rinenge rakaumbwa zvizere nezviyero, kugona kwemhuka dzinokambaira kuita mhando iyi yekufema kwakadzikira kwazvo. Zvisinei, panogona kuve nerudzi rwekutsinhana gasi pakati pezviyero, kana munzvimbo idzodzo uko huwandu hwezviyero hwakaderera.
Munguva idzodzo dzemvura iri pasi pehusiku, dzimwe kamba dzinotenderera pakufema kweganda rakatenderedza cloaca kuti irarame panguva iyi.
Dzimwe nyoka dzemumakungwa, kune rimwe divi, dzinokwanisa kuita shanduko yegasi inodonhedzwa kuti inwe neanosvika makumi matatu muzana eoksijeni inodikanwa nemuviri wavo kuti irarame. Izvi zvinova zvakakosha kwavari kana vachida kunyura mumvura. Vanogona kuita izvi nekudzikisa huwandu hweropa hunopa mapapu nekuritungamira kuti riunze ma capillari muganda.
Hove
Rudzi urwu rwekufema runowanawo nzvimbo mumhando dzakasiyana dzehove kutenderera pasirese, angave ari egungwa kana emvura yakachena. Kana zvasvika pakufema, sezvatinoziva kare, hove dzinongoda chete kushandisa kwavo gills. Zvisinei, kune dzimwe hove dzinokwanisa kuita kufema uku, uye dzinogona kupinza pakati 5 uye 50 muzana yeokisijeni yavanoda kuti vararame kuburikidza neganda. Ehezve, zvese izvi zvinoenderana nemhando yenharaunda, tembiricha nehove iri kutaurwa.
Semuenzaniso, kune hove dzinotora okisijeni kubva mumhepo, kufema kunoitwa neganda kwakakosha kwazvo. Mune mhando idzi mweya unonwiwa kuburikidza neganda unogona kuva 50% yezvakakosha kuti urarame. Kusvetuka hove uye hove dzekorari zvinozivikanwa mune iyi mhando.
Echinoderms
Munzvimbo ino tinokwanisa kuwana zvipenga zvegungwa, zvinova zvemhuri iyi uye zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakadzika. Ivo vane tsono dzakawanda avo nzira dzekudzivirira kurwisa zvikara, uye vanokwanisa kufema nemumakonzo uye zvakare kuburikidza neganda ravo.
Saizvozvo, marango egungwa anokwanisa zvakare kuita kufema uku. Kunyangwe mamwe acho aine mamwe machubhu anovabvumira kufema, ayo ari padyo neiyo anosi, anokwanisawo kufema kweganda.
Tupukanana
Kana tichitaura nezve zvipembenene, tinogona kutaura kuti kunyangwe kuchinjana gasi kune rupo, handiyo chete nzira yaunofanirwa kuwana chouviri. Zvizhinji zvipembenene zvinotora okisijeni inodiwa uye zvinoburitsa carbon dioxide kuburikidza netissue inonzi cuticle, iyo iri munzvimbo yekunze yepidermis yemitsipa.
Kune dzimwe mhuri dzezvipembenene dzinoda kufemerwa uku kutakura hemolymph mumuviri wavo nekuti havana dudziro yekufema. Hemolymph yakafanana neropa rine zvipembenene.
Zvizhinji zvezvipembenene zvepanyika zvinoshandisa nzira yetrachea kuita chingave nzira yavo yekufema. Nekudaro, kune zvipuka zvemumvura, zvakadzika-zvemumvura kana endoparasite, kuita kufema kwakapetwa kwakakosha zvakanyanya, nekuti havagone kutora oxygen inodiwa kuburikidza netrachea.
Mhedziso
Nguva zhinji isu tinowana mune raramo dzakatikomberedza nzira dzakasiyana idzo vagari vakasiyana venzira dzataurwa vanofanirwa kurarama. Kubva pakubhururuka kana kufamba, kuvhima kana kusadya nyama, kusvika pakufema nemapapu kana kuburikidza neganda.
Pane kusiyana kunoshamisa pasirese iyo yatinogona kuwana mumhando dzakasiyana siyana. Mune ino kesi isu tiri kutaura nezve kufema, chinova chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinhu zvatinoda kuti tirarame, uyezve iko kuchimanikidza zvakanyanya.
Kuona kuti kune marudzi akasiyana siyana akakwanisa neimwe nzira kuti varambe vari vapenyu zvinotiudza kuti shanduko inogoneka, uye kuti pamwe mune dzimwe nguva dziri pedyo vanhu vanogona kuwana zvimwe zvezvakavanzika izvi kana wana hunyanzvi hunotitendera kupona kukuru. Pachine zvakawanda zvatinogona kudzidza kubva kumhuka nedzadzo