Kana tikatarisa zvakatikomberedza, tinoona, pasina kuyedza kukuru kuti zvinhu zvese zvinogara zvichichinja, hapana chinhu mune zvakasikwa kana zvetsika zvakamira, pane shanduko dzinoitika zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura vamwe, asi zvese, zvese zvese, zvinogara zvichichinja.
Yechokwadi ichi zvipenyu zvipenyu hazvipukunyuke, izvo kwatiri, pakunzwisisa kwedu, nekuti ndiwo mavonero atakavaona, ndiwo maziviro atinovaita uye tinogona kuramba takadaro panguva yehupenyu hwedu, asi avo vanozvipira kuzvidzidza nehunyanzvi uye nesainzi nzira , ziva kuti yega yega yemarudzi mapenyu yatinoziva uye akatikomberedza, imhedzisiro yeshanduko inoteedzana uye icharamba ichidaro, chero bedzi paine hupenyu pasi pano. Nekuti hupenyu hunopfuurira kushanduka kwehupenyu.
Zvino, kubva kunguva dzapakuvamba dzevanhu pakave nekufungidzira pamusoro pehukuru hwakakura hwezvinhu zvipenyu zviripo pasi pano uye zvingangobvunzwa kuti ndedzipi nzira dzinokonzeresa misiyano yemhando nemabasa ayo marudzi akasiyana anotora? Kana kuti vanhu vanokwana sei mune ino nhanho huru yehupenyu?
Ngatitarisei nhoroondo zvishoma
Mazhinji epfungwa dzekutanga nezve mavambo ehupenyu dzakabatana nemashiripiti kana chitendero. Vamwe vaitenda kuti zvipenyu zvakaumbwa kubva kune inert organic chinhu. Dzidziso dzakadai dzechizvarwa dzakangoerekana dzaitika dzakadzokera kunguva yevazivi vechiGiriki Anaximander naAristotle. Kune vakawanda zvaiita sezviri pachena, semuenzaniso kuti maruva enhunzi akagadzirwa pakarepo kubva munyama yakaora. Muna 1861 wemakemikari wechiFrench uye bacteriologist Louis Pasteur zvirokwazvo akagadzira dzidziso yechizvarwa chechizvarwa.
Kuburikidza nemazana emakore, chinamato chakave nesimba rekutarisa pamaonero enharaunda: vatendi vakafunga kusikwa kwehupenyu sechiito chaMwari wavo kana vamwari. Sangano reJudhiya-chiKristu, semuenzaniso, rakagamuchira chokwadi cheicho chaicho chisikwa, sezvazvakanyorwa mugenesis yeTestamente Yekare. Ichi chitendero chinozivikanwa sekusika, chinobata kuti mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvipenyu zvakasikwa naMwari, muchimiro chazvino, uye kuti izvi hazvigone kuchinja. Kusvikira panenge pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, vazhinji vesaenzi vakabvumidza iyi nzira, uye nhasi maKristu mazhinji achiri kuomerera kuchokwadi chaicho chegenesis. Zvisinei, maonero esainzi achinja zvichienderana nezvimwe zvakawanika yakaitwa nevasayendisiti uye geologist mukati mezana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX.
Pakazosvika ma1730s nyanzvi yemasikirwo eSweden, Carolus Linnaeus (Carlvon Linné) muSpanish Linnaeus, anga atora basa rake rekutsvaga hunhu pakati pezvisikwa zvakasiyana nekuzvirongedza nemapoka.
(Taxonomy) izvi zvakakonzera kunyatso tarisa kufanana kuripo pakati pemamwe marudzi. Zvidzidzo zveAnatomical zvakatanga kuburitsa pachena kuti zvipuka zvakasiyana zvakadii pakutanga zvingagovana zvimiro zvehunhu, zvichisimudzira fungidziro pamusoro pehumwe hukama kana hukama hwekwakatangira pakati pavo.
Iyo yekutsika tsoka
Nyanzvi dzeGeologist dzakaona kuti matombo aive nematanho akasiyana (strata), akaumbwa panguva dzakasiyana. Aya matombo edombo akanyorwa kare pasati paine chero zuva rakatemwa nechechi yekusikwa kwenyika.
Dzimwe strata dzaivemo zvisaririra zvezvisikwa zvemhuka nezvinomera iyo yaigara mukati menguva apo dombo raigadzira: mazhinji eaya mafossil aive ezvisikwa zvisingazivikanwe munyika yanhasi. Mumafossil eakateedzana, zvimiro zvakafanana zvinogona kusiyaniswa izvo zvinomiririra zvipenyu zvakange zvichirarama munguva dzakateedzana dzekare. Akarembera matombo avaive, ari nyore uye echinyakare mafomu ehupenyu.
Zvese izvi zvakaratidza kuti zvipenyu zvemazuva ano zvakabva mumhando dzechinyakare, idzo dzakange dzave nedanho rekuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma, ndiko kuti, shanduko yehupenyu.
Dzidziso dzekushanduka-shanduka
Pakutanga zvaive zvisiri nyore kwazvo kuti nyika igamuchire humbowo hwekushanduka-shanduka, kunyangwe zvaibatika. Kwenguva yakareba, kereke, isina nharo kana humbowo hwechokwadi hwekuramba, chokwadi chezvakanyorwa, uye yakaratidza kuti Mwari akaisa zvisaririra mumatombo panguva yekusika kuti aedze kutenda kwevatendi.
erasmus darwinChiremba weBritish, muzivi uye mudetembi, aive munyori wedzidziso yekutanga yekushanduka. erasmus darwin akataura kuti hupenyu hwakange hwasimukira kubva kune imwechete, uye akarondedzera kukosha kwekurwira hupenyu nekusarudzwa pabonde senzira yekushanduka shanduko. Mazhinji emafungiro ake akakurudzira muzukuru wake, the naturalist Charles Darwin, uyo ane yake dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yakaita chinogara kwenguva refu pane biology. Nekudaro, iye munyori wekutanga zvechokwadi mukuru dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ndiFrench wezvisikwa Jean- Baptist de Lamarck.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Knight weLamarck, aive munhu airemekedzwa asi aine nharo. Iye anozivikanwa nekupa iro zita kune sainzi ye "Biology" uye aive munyori akakurumbira wechidzidzo ichi pamaruva eFrance. Akanyorawo chinyorwa chinomwe-mavhoriyamu pane "invertebrates," izwi raakaunza kutsanangura mhuka dzisina mabonzo. Kufarira kwake kwakatambanudzirwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kusanganisira geology uye kudzidza nezve paleontology fossil, uye kunyangwe iye pakutanga achitenda kuti zvipenyu zvakaramba zvisina kuchinja muma 1790s akatendeukira kukutenda mukushanduka kwehupenyu.
Lamarck, akave nekugutsikana kuti zvipenyu zvakashanduka zvichiwedzera kuomarara. Vakagumisa zvakare kuti zvisikwa zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakange zvisisipo hazvina kunge zvanyangarika, asi zvakango shanduka kuita mafomu ezvechizvino-zvino uye kuti shanduko yehupenyu yaive zvishoma nezvishoma. Lamarck akabatsira pakutenda kuti zvivakwa muviri unosimbiswa nekukudziridzwa nekuda kwekudzokororwa kwadzo kushandiswa, uye kuti zvidimbu zvidiki-zvinoshandiswa zvaneta kana kuderedzwa: fungidziro yekushandisa uye isiri-kushandiswa Nenzira imwecheteyo ndinobvuma kuti mavara aya akawanikwa panguva yehupenyu hwezvinhu zvinogona kutapurirwa kuvana vavo.
Mufananidzo unozivikanwa weichi chokwadi mutsipa wakareba wetwiza. Zvinoenderana nekufungidzira kwekushandisa kana kusashandisa, kuyedza kwetwiza kusvika pamashizha ematavi akakwirira kwaizoita kuti kutambanuka kwemutsipa uye vana vavo vagare nhaka hunhu hwakawanikwa uye nekudaro vane mitsipa yakati rebei. Saka nekufamba kwenguva uye mazhinji mazera huwandu hwevanhu vane mitsipa-refu mitsipa vangadai vakashanduka.
Lamarck akaburitsa dzidziso yake yekushanduka kubva muZoological Philosophy uye yakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya. Zita rake rinoramba rakabatanidzwa mune imwe nzira isina tsarukano kune yakasarudzika pfungwa yenhaka yeanowanikwa mavara, anonzi lamarquism.
Kunyangwe Charles Darwin akaronga yakafanana nhaka nzira, iyo yaakadana pangenesis. Kuwanikwa chete, muna 1900, kwe Kuongorora kwaMendel kwemajini zvaizoita kuti mufananidzo wakanyatsojeka wenhaka uoneke.
Parizvino inozivikanwa kuti hunhu hwakagarwa nhaka kubva kuvabereki vavo nevana hunowanikwa panguva yekusangana, ndiko kuti, zvinopfuudzwa, muchimiro chemajini, neDNA yemurume uye zai rezvinhu zvababa neremadzimai. uye izvi hazvisi izvo zvinokanganiswa neanotevera nzira yehupenyu hwezvinhu izvi. Kunyangwe DNA inogona kuchinjiswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzekusanduka uye neakasiyana mamiriro ezvemamiriro ekunze, senge radiation ionizing, haigone kuchinjwa nemabatiro ehupenyu.
Dzidziso dzaDarwin
Muna 1858, nyanzvi yeBritish naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace akatumira Darwin rugwaro rwakanyorwa pamusoro pechimiro chemhando dzakasiyana kutsauka nekusingaperi kubva parudzi rwekutanga, zvichibva pazvidzidzo zvake zvemhuka dzezvitsuwa zveMalay, Indonesia yanhasi. Uyu musayendisiti akange aona kuti idzi Asia mhando. Ivo vaive vafambira mberi mumashoko ekushanduka-shanduka kupfuura maAustralia uye akataura kuti vaive nazvo yakashanduka mushure mokunge makondinendi maviri aparadzaniswa.
Darwin akashamisika kuona kuti Wallace akaverengerwa nzanga yeLinnaean yeLondon, asi hapana Darwin kana Wallace vaivepo uye chiitiko ichi chakamutsa kufarira kushoma.
MunaNovember 1859 Darwin akaburitsa kwakatangira mhando dzezvisikwa kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo kana kuchengetedzwa kwemadzinza anodiwa mukurwira hupenyu. Mubhuku rino Darwin akaziva kuti Wallace akange asvika pamhedziso dzakaenzana seni nezvekwakabva mhuka.
Dzidziso yaDarwinian yesarudzo yemasikirwo yakapfupikiswa mumapoinzi anotevera:
- Misiyano muchimiro inogona kuwanikwa pakati pevanhu vemarudzi ese, saizi, ruvara, pakati pevamwe, yeakawanda ehunhu hwayo.
- Mhando dzinobereka pabonde dzine vana vakawanda kupfuura zvavanoda kuchengetedza huwandu hwevanhu muhuwandu.
- Pakati nepakati, chero munhu ane mukana mudiki wekurarama kusvika pakukura pabonde.
- Uyu mukana wekupona Zvinogona kuve zvakakura kana munhu wacho aine humwe hunhu hwehukuru, chimiro, ruvara, pakati pemaawa zvinoita kuti agadzikane zvirinani nharaunda yake. Izvo zvinobva zvanzi ine sarudzo yekusarudzika kupfuura vezera rayo.
- Ivo vanhu vakagadzirirwa zvirinani kurarama mumhoteredzo yavo kusvika pakukura kwavo pabonde vanozove nemukana uri nani wekuzvara nekuendesa hunhu hwakanaka kuvana vavo.
- Zvakare, ivo vanhu vane hunhu hunovaita kuti vasararame kusvika pakukura pabonde vanozove nevana vashoma uye kashoma kutapura hunhu hwavo.
- Mushure memazera mazhinji huwandu hwevazukuru vane hunhu hwakanaka huchawedzera uye huwandu nenhamba ine hunhu husina kutsarukana zvichaderera.
Bhuku raDarwin rakakonzera kunyongana, uye munyori waro akaongororwa seyetsika. Kumwe kwekushora kukuru dzidziso yaDarwin ndeyekuti zvairatidza kusavapo kwemusiyano pakati pevanhu nemhuka "dzakaderera", sekureva kwaDarwin vanhu vakango shanduka kupfuura dzimwe mhuka dzakaita semamori, tsoko nedzimwe tsoko. Panguva iyoyo, panguva iyo pfungwa iyi yaive inopesana nemisimboti yechitendero.
Zvisinei, Darwin akatsigirwa zvakanyanya neboka rakakosha remasayendisiti enguva yacho. Pfungwa dzaDarwin dzakakunda uye pakupedzisira dzakawana kwakawanda. Nhasi izano rakagamuchirwa kuti murume wemazuva ano (homo sapiens) akashanduka kubva kumadzitateguru-akafanana nemadzisekuru
Natural sarudzo
Iko kunetsekana mukufunda kusarudzwa uye shanduko yemusikirwo mune chaiwo marudzi emarudzi iri mune iri zvishoma zvishoma chimiro cheichi chiitiko. Nekudaro, mamwe maitiro anokanganisa mukana wekupona anogona kuchinja nekukurumidza: shanduko haiti kutora zviuru zvemakore. Semuyenzaniso, zvipenyu zvinotyisidzirwa nezvikara vanogona kushanduka nekukurumidza, nesarudzo yakasikwa, kudzikisira kutyisidzirwa kwekubatwa.
Chisarudzo chechisikigo chinodzidziswa zviri nyore muzvipuka zvine nguva pfupi yechizvarwa. Hutachiona, semuenzaniso, hunogona kuve nechizvarwa nguva yemaminetsi makumi maviri chete, kuitira kuti kusarudzika kwezvakasikwa kunogona kuburitsa shanduko dzakakosha mune izvi zvisikwa munguva pfupi.
Dzidziso yemazuva ano
Iyo yazvino vhezheni yedzidziso yaDarwin, Neo-Darwinism, inozivikanwawo seyemazuva ano synthesis kana synthetic dzidziso, inosanganisa ruzivo rwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX mumageneti uye nemimwe minda inoenderana nepfungwa dzaDarwin dzepakutanga. Kuongorora pane mashandiro anoita majini muvanhu yezvipenyu uye zvidzidzo zvazvino nezve shanduko zvakasimbisazve kukosha kwesarudzo yechisikigo. Mu paleontology, iyi nzira yekugadzira yakapa ruzivo nezve mutinhimira wekushanduka kwehupenyu pamusoro peiyo nguva yezvigadzirwa.