Pfungwa dzemunhu, kwemazana emakore, dzakapa vanopfuura munhu mumwe zvekutaura nezvazvo nekufunga nezvazvo. Zviuru zvevadzidzi pamusoro pemakore zvakatsvaga kuburitsa zvakavanzika zviripo pakati pendangariro dzakasiyana dzevanhu. Nei ichishanda nenzira iyoyo, zvinoita sei kuti isu tese takasiyana nepfungwa dzedu, nei vamwe vanhu vachikwanisa kuzvibata nenzira iyo vamwe vanongoramba.
Misiyano yave iri nyaya yekugara uchikurukura kwemakore; zvakanyanya zvekuti chizvarwa chega chega muongorori mutsva anogadzira dzidziso dzinogona kana kusabvumirana nevamwe, asi zvese mukutsvaga kwekunzwisisa zviri kuitika mukati medu pfungwa.
Mukati mevarume vesainzi ava tinogona kuwana Sigmund Freud, baba vanozivikanwa ve psychoanalysis; Elton Mayo, uyo yakashanda nehunhu hwevashandi mumafekitori nemakambani zvese Chirungu neAmerica; uye zvakare wezvepfungwa Lev Vygotsky, uyo aive mutangiri weSoviet neuropsychology, chiremba wezvepfungwa weRussia akapa zvipo zvikuru kuhupenyu hwazvino.
Mune ino posvo isu tinodzidza zvishoma zvishoma nezve mipiro yakaitwa nemurume uyu kudzidzo uye psychology, uye nemararamiro ake akatsaurirwa kutipa kunzwisiswa kuri nani kwepfungwa dzedu.
Chidiki chenhoroondo yaVygotsky
Uyu murume akazvarwa muRussia muna 1896, mumhuri yechiJuda, uye mwanakomana wechipiri mumhuri yevasere. Munguva yehudiki hwake akatanga kuravira kwakamisikidzwa kwemitambo. Aingova nemakore gumi nematanhatu ekuberekwa, paive muna 19, akanyora chinyorwa pamutambo waShakespeare: Hamlet.
Paaive kuyunivhesiti, pakati pemakore 1913 na1917, kanopfuura kamwe chete aibatanidzwa mukuchinja kwebasa nekuda kwekuti Zvinhu zvakaonekwa hazvina kupedza kuzadza nyota yake yezivo. Akatanga kudzidza zvemishonga, asi nemwedzi mumwe chete mukosi akachinja basa rake ndokutanga kudzidza zvemutemo paMoscow State University; Ikoko, aine gore rimwe chete, akadonha kunodzidza Philosophy uye Tsamba kuyunivhesiti yakakurumbira, sezvo izvi zvidzidzo zvaimufadza kubva paudiki hwake.
Paakangopedza kudzidza, uye mushure mekusarurwa kwemaJuda kwakagara muRussia kwakabviswa nekuda kweChimurenga Gumiguru, akafunga kuti yaive nguva yekuchinjisa ruzivo rwake rutsva kuvanhu vazhinji vanoda kudzidza. Nenzira iyi, Ini ndinodzidzisa psychology uye logic mune inozivikanwa Pedagogical Institute; aesthetics uye nhoroondo yeunyanzvi kuConservatory; Panguva imwecheteyo, akatungamira chikamu chemitambo mupepanhau rinozivikanwa uye akatanga magazini yekunyora.
Muna 1920 akabatwa tibhii, iyo pakutanga yakamubata zvakanyanya, kwete panyama chete, asi pamwe nemupfungwa. Akaendeswa kuchipatara, nekuti chirwere ichi chaionekwa chakakomba panguva iyoyo. Lev Vygotsky akanzwa kuti hupenyu hwake hwaizove hupfupi, asi akazoita sarudzo: aizosimbisa mweya wake wekushanda kuti nguva yake pasi ive yakakosha.
Akagadzira rabhoritari kuPedagogical Institute kwaaigona kudzidzisa vana vane hurema hwekudzidza kuenda kukireshi. Yakanga iri nebasa iri iyo yaaizowana yakanaka zvinhu zve bhuku rako Dzidziso yepfungwa.
Akaroora muna 1924 uye kubva kumubatanidzwa iwo vanasikana vaviri vaizozvarwa. Akanga atove makore mana abva kubatwa nechirwere cherurindi, asi aizove nenguva yakawanda yekuita zvidzidzo, dzidziso pamwe nebasa, iro raizotukwa uye mune dzimwe nguva richigurwa nekuda kwekushorwa navo kubva kuzviremera zvechiKomonisiti.
Akafa muna 1934 nekuda kwechirwere chetibhi chakange chamubata kwemakore gumi nemana. Nekudaro, iye akagona kuraira zvitsauko zvekupedzisira zvemabasa ake paakanga ari pamubhedha. Aive murume uyo aigara achishingaira, zvisinei nemamiriro ezvinhu. Mazhinji emabasa ake aizoburitswa mumakore ake ekupedzisira uye kunyangwe mushure mekufa kwake, asi ivo vaizoramba vari mipiro mikuru kupfungwa.
Dzidziso dzaLev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky akagadzira akawanda mafungire ayo anoshanda kudzidzisa kwevana vane hurema hwekudzidza uye vana vane hunyanzvi hwepamberi. Dzidziso yake yemagariro netsika ine zvikumbiro zvakawanda mukati mefundo uye dzidziso. Pakati peava vane mukurumbira ndeaya: dzidziso yake yemagariro, tsika yekufananidzira yekudzidzira uye kudzidza kwakapfurikidza. Zvese izvi zvinoumba chikamu cheicho chese chinofanira kushandiswa kune dzidzo.
Dzidziso yemagariro
Dzidziso yaLev Vygotsky yemagariro netsika ine mipiro mikuru mune yanhasi iri dzidzo yevana vedu, nekuti yaisashandiswa chete padanho reRussia, asi chinyorwa chake chekufa chakaongororwa nenyika dzakasiyana nehurumende dzakasarudza kuti basa rake raifadza kutaura zvishoma.
Iyi bvunzo inoenderana neZPD, inova inoratidzira kuratidza nekusimbisa kugona kwemwana, yakakosha zvikuru kana zvasvika pakuyerwa kwakaenzana kwehungwaru kunoshandiswa munyika zhinji dzepasi. Iyi bvunzo inowanzoisa kusimbisa kukuru paruzivo nekudzidza zvatowanikwa kubva kumwana. Nenzira iyi, vana vazhinji vanobatsirwa nedzidziso yekuti Vygotsky yakatanga makore anoda kusvika zana apfuura.
Chimwe chezvipo zvakakosha zveiri basa nderekureva zvemagariro izvo Vygotsky anomaka mubasa rake, maanoti kuti kukura kwakajairwa kwekudzidza kwemwana mune imwe tsika hakuna kufanana kana kushanda kune kwevamwe vana mune dzimwe tsika kana nzanga. Nenzira yakapfava yekutsanangura, kukura kwemwana muchirongwa chedzidzo hakuna kunaka kana achifamba kubva pane imwe nharaunda ine hunhu uye nzanga achienda kune imwe ine imwe tsika. Zvichava zvakaoma kumwana kuchinjika uye vadzidzisi vanofanirwa kutsvaga nzira yekushandira pazviri neimwe nzira yega.
Proximal Development Zone (ZPD)
Mune ino dzidziso yaVygotsky, tinoudzwa kuti vanhu vakuru, vadzidzisi uye vadzidzi vepamberi vari munzvimbo dziri padyo nemwana (vabereki, vanin'ina, vanochengeta), vane basa rekuve rutsigiro rwemwana ari kubvunzwa panguva yekudzidza uye shanda, panguva iyoyo asati agona kudzidza ega uye kuenderera mberi nemabasa ake nemabasa. Rubatsiro urwu runogona kupa vana kukurudzira kwavanoda kuyambuka proximal yekuvandudza nzvimbo, iyo inonzwisiswa seyowo mukana wekufungidzira pakati peizvo mwana ave kugona kuita, uye nezvaasingakwanise kuzviita iye oga.
Vana vari muZPD vane chairo basa vari panguva iyo ivo vanokwanisa kuita rakatarwa basa, ndiko kuti, ivo vane mukana wekuzviita, asi zvakadaro havakwanise kuzviita pasina izvo zvinobatsira nekuti ivo vachiri kuda kubatanidza imwe kiyi yemafungiro anodikanwa pabasa iri.
Nekudaro, nekwakarongeka maitiro ivo vanokwanisa kuita basa nemazvo, sezvo vanhu vari padyo navo vatungamirire mukugadzirira kwavo. Nenzira iyi, kusvika padanho iro basa, kubatana, kutungamirwa uye kusvinura zvakafukidzwa, mwana anofambira mberi zvakakwana uye anogona kusimbisa ruzivo rutsva nekudzidza.
Scaffolding dzidziso
Maitiro ekuverengera iko kunyorera kunopihwa ZPD. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mubereki, muchengeti kana mudzidzisi anokwanisa kubatsira mwana nebasa ravasati vagona kuita vasina kuwana rubatsiro.
Rudzi urwu rwehunyanzvi rwunopihwa kazhinji pakati pevabereki nevana kana zvichinyatsoda kudzidza chimwe chinhu, asi panguva imwechete inoda gwara rekubatsira kuti ichidzidze.
Iyi dzidziso yaLev Vygotsky inotitaurirawo kuti hazvisi zvekuti matambudziko anogadziriswa kumwana ari kutaurwa, asi kuti vanopihwa zviwanikwa neruzivo kuti vazvigadzirise vega. Nenzira iyi, zvinobatsira kuchinjisa kudzidza, uye ruzivo rwakawandisa rwunowanikwa nekuda kweichiitiko chako.
Pakashandiswa nzira iyi, madzidzisirwo aiitwa vana zvaive maturusi uye mashandiro aaiita ainyanya kupedzisa mabasa avakapihwa pane dai vakatsanangurwa maitiro ekuita basa pakutanga.
Uye kunze kweizvozvo vana vakawana hunyanzvi hwekudzidzira basa nekuti yaisave nyaya yekuita izvo zvavakaona mudzidzisi achizviita, asi zvekushandisa pfungwa dzavo uye kuita basa racho.
Nguva zhinji mwana anoda rubatsiro rwedu, asi pakupedzisira anozokwanisa kuita basa raakapihwa, uye kana achinge akwanisa kuita basa kakawanda, anozokwanisa kuita mamwe mabasa akaoma munguva pfupi yekutenda kudzidza kwakawanikwa.