Iwo hutachiona hunogona kukura mumhando dzese dzezvakatipoteredza, mukuwedzera pakuve akasiyana maumbirwo uye saizi, mabhakitiriya zvipenyu zvisina unicellular izvo zvisina simba rekubata nucleus, uye vanoyera angangoita ari pakati pe0,5 ne5 mamicrometer kureba.
Makemikari emakemikari anotenderera zvinoenderana nehutachiona, sezvo ivo vachikwanisa kuita yemuchadenga senitrogen kutenderera, vane kugona kuve nemhando dzakasiyana senge vibrios, bacilli, cocci uye spirilli. Kufema ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzechero chinhu chipenyu kana muviri, uye vanogona kufema munzira mbiri: aerobically uye zvakare anaerobically, zvese zvinoenderana nerudzi rwuri kutaurwa nezvarwo uye kuti runokura sei.
Izvi ndezvimwe zvezvisikwa zvakawandisa pasi rese, nekuda kweiri nyore rekuti eukaryotic maseru, kusiyana nezvimwe zvipenyu zvakaita semiti, mhuka, pakati pevamwe. Mabhakitiriya anoshandurwa uye akarongwa zvinoenderana nechitarisiko chavo, icho tsananguro pfupi yeumwe neumwe wavo ichapihwa pazasi.
Ndedzipi mhando dzehutachiona?
Iwo vibrios
Ivo vane chimiro chakafanana chaizvo neicho chemadonhwe, senge cheiye ari waxing kana ari kupera mwedzi kana anozivikanwa zviri nani sehafu yemwedzi. Ivo vanokwanisa kugadzira zvirwere zvinotapukira, zvine chekuita nekugaya chikafu pamwe nekorera, zvichikonzera kuti munhu ane hutachiona atambure nekurutsa uye kunyange manyoka, izvi zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzine hushoma hwemvura isina mvura uye ine munyu.
Bacilli
Izvi zvinoonekwa nekuve netambo-yakaita kana chimiro chakaita sebazi. Iwo zvakare akapatsanurwa kuita maviri marudzi, zvinoenderana nehumwe hunhu hwavanogona kupa, pamwe neinotevera:
- Huru Hwakaipa: ibhakitiriya iro risingakwanise kunamatira kumadziro esero, uye harina kusvibisa ruvara rwepepuru zvinoenderana nekukora kwegran.
- Hukuru Hwakanaka: ibhakitiriya inokwanisa kuzvisungirira pamadziro esero pamwe nekuzvisvibisa neruvara rwe violet.
Nekuti iwo mabhakitiriya epathogenic, iwo mabhakiri mune dzimwe nguva haakwanise kuburitsa zvirwere mumutakuri wavo.
Makokonati
Ivo vane idenderedzwa, yakaita sebhora chimiro, izvo zvinokwanisa kugadzira zvirwere zvakadai se: pneumococcus uye staph. Idzi zvakare dzine mhando mbiri dzakakamurwa nechimiro chavo:
- Iwo manomano: iwo mana mabhakitiriya pamwechete (akapatsanurwa zvakaringana).
- Iyo diclones: iwo mabacteria maviri chete, anogara achigara pamwe chete, ari maviri.
- Sarcines: ivo vanozivikanwa nekuve e cubic grouping.
Spirilla
Idzi dzine chimiro chakatenderera, icho chinogona kuve chakabatana needdies, Ndidzo ane hanya zvakanyanya nharaunda uye zvinopfuudzwa zvakanangana, nekuti panguva yekutaurirana nharaunda vanogona kufa, izvi zvinopfuura zvese izvo zvekutapurirana bonde, senge syphilis semuenzaniso.
Mabhakitiriya anewo akati wandei marudzi emetabolism, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekupatsanurwa kwemaoko avo emagetsi, uye kutanga kwavo kabhoni, pakati pavo kune:
- Autotrophs: inosunga kabhoni dhayokisaidhi uye unowana yakachena kabhoni.
- Phototrophs: Ivo vanoshandisa mwenje kuburikidza neyakaitika photosynthesis semiti.
- Heterotrophs: vanoshandisa makemikari makemikari kuzvidyisa.
- Chemotrophs: Vane hunhu hwekuita ese maviri marudzi ekufema, pamwe neaerobic neanaerobic, kuburikidza nekemikari maitiro ayo chete anogona kuita.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti mabhakitiriya anokwanisa kubereka, ari enicellular zvipenyu, ivo havana imwe sarudzo kunze kwekupinda munzira yekukura kana kukura, vanobva vaita bipartition, uko iyo DNA inodzokororwa uye cytoplasm inopatsanuka, zvichikonzera sero nyowani kubva kwairi, iyo inowanzo kunzi mwanasikana masero. Zvisinei, kune mamwe mabhakitiriya anongochinjana magene kuburikidza nenzira yakaoma inonzi bacterial conjugation.
Hutachiona Kufema Nzira
Nekuti ivo havana mitochondria, ayo ari organelles inoitisa synthesizing simba zvichienderana nesero chiitikor, mabhakitiriya anoshandisa yavo membrane yeplasma kufema, asi kune maviri mafomu, anozotsanangurwa pazasi:
Aerobic fomu yebhakitiriya kufema
Mune mhando iyi, mabhakitiriya anonyatsoshandisa cytoplasm kuita nzira yavo yekufema, mabhakitiriya eerobic anowanzo kushaya mitochondria, ndosaka vachipinza oxygen kubva mu membrane yavo, zvinovabatsira kutora simba rakakosha kubva kuglucose.
Iyo zvakare inoshandisa glucose senge ine simba sosi, izvi pasina mubvunzo kuburikidza neyakaomeswa makemikari kudzikisira maitiro, ayo anogona kutsanangurwa mumatanho maviri:
- Krebs kutenderera: kufema kunoitika mukati memitochondria nekuvapo kwe oxygen.
- Electron kutakura: kufemedzeka kunoitika mukati meiyo mitochondria, iyo inoita seyakaregedza simba.
- Glycolysis: kufema kweichi chiitiko kunoitwa mukati memitochondria pasina kukodzera kuvepo kweoksijeni.
Anaerobic nzira yekufema kwehutachiona
Nekuti iri mhando yebhakitiriya haina organelles yekuita inodiwa gasi kuchinjana, anaerobic mabhakitiriya anoonekwa neanosvitsa maitiro ayo muzviitiko zvakawanda, kana zvisiri ese, okisijeni inogona kuvauraya kwavari.
Izvi zvinoguma ne kurasikirwa kweokisijeni mumamorekuru. Mhando dzinowanzoitika dzekufema kwehutachiona uhwu dzinogadzirwa nereactic Fermentation uye yekunwisa doro.
- Lactic kuvirisa: Yayo huru marara chinhu mukaka asidhi uye inokwanisa kushandura shuga kuita simba remagetsi iro rakakosha kwazvo pakurarama kwayo, uye zvese izvi zvinoitika mu cytoplasm yemasero.
- Kunwa doro. Iyo inzira yeanaerobic inogadzirwa nekuita kwembiriso uyezve, ivo vanokwanisa kushandura shuga kuita doro.