Uropi inhengo yepakati yetsinga yedu, ichive "komputa" iyo inodzora nekudzora kwedu kwese kwekunzwa uye mota mashandiro, irowo rinotarisira kufunga, ndangariro uye ungwaru; inoumbwa neyakaomeswa chimiro, iyo yakakamurwa kuita ma hemispheres maviri, kurudyi uye kuruboshwe, akapatsanurwa nepakati, inozivikanwa seyemukati medhimoni kana yekufungidzira fissure; Iyi nzvimbo yehuropi inoumbwa neyeuronal tishu, uye inozivikanwa zvakare seiyo neocortex kana cortex uye iri imomo munogara kufunga. Mune yega hemisphere, pane nzvimbo ina dzinogadzirisa mamwe mabasa mumuviri wedu.
Zvino, kana aya mapoinzi akajekeswa, tinogona kutsanangura tinorevei kana tichitaura nezvemberi mbichana, Nenzira yakapfava uye yakananga, tinogona kutaura kuti iri imwe yenzvimbo ina idzo cortex yakakamurwa, iri pamusoro pekugadzirisa mashandiro ekuita, ayo anotangira kubva mumitauro, kuronga uye kutarisisa maitiro. Iyo yekumberi lobe inosanganisirwa kune zvinokurudzira uye zvehunhu zvinowona hunhu hweiye munhu, zvichitungamira zvakananga kusimudzira munzvimbo dzemagariro uye hunhu pachahwo hwemunhu.
Hunhu hwemberi lobes
Iyo cerebral cortex ine 4 mm gobvu uye inoumbwa nemhando shanu dzetsinga dzinoumba zvikamu zvitanhatu, zvakaverengerwa kubva pamusoro nekunze kana mukati. Iyo yekumberi lobe inovhara chetatu cheiyo cerebral hemispheres (ndiyo nzvimbo yekuwedzera kukuru), sezvo vachienda kubva kumberi kumberi kuenda pakati kana Rolando sulcus. Hwaro hwemberi lobes hunoumba iyo inonzi orbito-frontal cortex. Iko kukura kukuru kwemasero akaturikidzana, I, IV uye V muzvikamu zvemberi kune mota bhendi, inoratidza hunhu hunobatanidza hunhu hwemberi lobes.
Nechimiro, tinogona kuti rakakamurwa nepakati nepakati, Rolando's naSilvio, zvichikonzera kukonzeresa kumane:
- Iyo yepamusoro yekumberi gyrus.
- Iyo yepakati yakatarisa gyrus.
- Iyo yakaderera yepamberi gyrus.
- Iyo inokwira kana Pre-landic pamberi girusi.
Aya ma convolutions anosarudza iyo nzvimbo mune iro rakatarisana lobe rakakamurwa.
Nzvimbo dzakatarisana nemaruva
Main mota
inoenderana nechikamu che mukuru wemberi gyrus, ino nzvimbo ine hunhu hwayo hukuru kuvepo kwemahombekombe epiramidhi maseru (kubva kuBetz). Kukurudzirwa kwemagetsi kwenzvimbo ino kunoenderana nekufamba kwemapoka emhasuru kune rimwe divi remuviri mukupindura. Munzvimbo ino, huwandu hwemhasuru hahuenzaniswi nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo, asi kune kukosha kwebasa rainaro. Munzvimbo ino, hunyanzvi hwemotokari hunotarisa kumeso kumeso uye kufamba kwemaoko kwakatemwa.
Premotor
Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo ye achikwira kumberi gyrus kushomeka masero eBetz, zvinokurudzira zvemagetsi pamusoro penzvimbo iyi zvinogadzira kufamba kudiki pane kukurudzira kwenzvimbo huru yemota. Kana madiki madiki akaburitswa kubva munzvimbo ino, iko kurongeka kwakanaka kwekufamba kwacho kwakashandurwa, kuratidza basa rayo muchirongwa chemafambiro, kwaanowana zita rayo repamberi. Inobatanidza kubatana kweiyo thalamus, cerebellum, uye basal ganglia, ichibvumira kuti igadzirise mafambiro akaomarara, kunyanya easiki uye inowanda mhasuru. Munzvimbo ino mune nzvimbo dzinopindira mukugadzirisa kwekufamba kwemaziso, mafambiro eparyngeal uye mataurirwo emutauro, wekutenderera kwehunde nemusoro.
Yekuwedzera mota
Zvinoitwa nemaseru munzvimbo ino zvinomisikidzwa, kwete chete kana kubatana kwebhanimani kuchidikanwa mumabasa, asiwo mune ese mafambiro anopindirwa nepfungwa. Ronga preaction zvirongwa zvinotarisana nenzvimbo huru yemotokari. Kuitwa kwenzvimbo ino pakufamba kunoitwa pamwe chete, zvakanyanya kuita zvemanyorerwo pane kuita kwemasuru ekumira. Rolando (1980) aratidza kutora chikamu kwenzvimbo iyi mukuona kwenzvimbo yekunze, pamwe nekubatana nenzvimbo inoonekera.
Ziso-mota kufambisa
Iyi nharaunda inoenderana nepakati yakatwasuka tambo munzvimbo ino yeuropi. Inopindira mukutarisa kwemaziso, zvichibva pane zvainowana kubva kune yenguva (odhiyo), occipital (inoonekwa) uye somatic-kinesthetic cortex.
Kuchenjerera uye kuisa pfungwa
Ivo vanotora chikamu chayo chepamberi, vachigamuchira chiyero kubva kune thalamus (median dorsum nucleus) uye neiyo limbic system. Maronda munzvimbo idzi anoratidzwa mukuchinja kwehunhu kana manzwiro, zvichiratidza kusava nehanya, kurasikirwa kwechido muzviito zvakapusa sekushambidza, kusimuka kana kudya, kusanzwisisika kwekufunga, kurasikirwa kwekutarira uye ndangariro. Iyo nharaunda inowanikwa muchikamu chezasi cheiyo inokwira kumberi gyrus uye yakaderera yepamberi gyrus (angular uye opercular gyrus) inodzora mhasuru dzakabatana nemutauro senge kumeso, rurimi, mukanwa uye tambo dzenzwi. Ronda munzvimbo ino rinoburitsa pachena aphasia, ndiko kuti, kukundikana mukuumbwa kwemutauro nekuoma kwekubuda uye kududzira mutauro.
Kufunga kwekuziva kwakabatana neremberi lobe
Mutauro
Zvinetso zvekumisikidza mumutauro zvinosanganiswa nekukuvadzwa kwenzvimbo yepakati yelobular. Transcortical mota aphasia ine chakakosha kushomeka mumutauro unongoitika wega unogona kuitika mushure mekukuvara kune wepamusoro uye kuruboshwe rwemberi dorsolateral cortex. Iko kushomeka kwekugadzirisa kunogona kuongororwa kuburikidza nemataurirwo emashoko mabasa, ndiko kuti, kukumbira munhu kuti aunze huwandu hukuru hwemazwi achitanga neimwe tsamba. Kukanganisa kwekuumba, kana kusagadzikana kwekutaura, kune kubereka uye kurondedzera mune zvakasikwa. Dzinoratidza matambudziko ehurongwa uye kuronga. Kukuvara kwekuruboshwe kunounza kureruka, kudzokorora (kutsungirira) uye kusiiwa. Kukuvara kwekurudyi kunogona kuburitsa kukwidziridzwa kwemashoko, kupinza kwezvinhu zvisina basa, dysprosodia, zvese zvichitungamira mukushayikwa kwehukama murondedzero.
Kudzora Ndangariro
Kuti utarise basa repamberi pechirangaridzo mundangariro, zvinobatsira kusiyanisa pakati pezvinhu zvekubatanidza zvekurangarira uye nehurongwa hwehurongwa hwakabatana mukubatanidza, kujekesa, nekududzira masangano aya. Basa repamberi pechirume muchirangaridzo ndere kudzora nekutungamira. Kukuvadza kune kumberi lobes hazviwanzo kuguma mune yekiriniki yakawanikwa "amnesia". Zvidzidzo zvekukuvara zvakaratidza kukosha kweyemberi lobes mumabasa ekudzosa uko iko kuongorora, kuongorora uye kuiswa kwezvinhu mumamiriro epasi uye enzvimbo zvakakosha kwazvo. Kudzoreredza, kuvhiringidza, uye focal kudzokororazve amnesia, ese episodic manyepo ekudzokorodza kusagadzikana, anofambidzana nekumberi kwekukuvara kwemalobe. Kushanda Yekurangarira: Basa repakati remalobhu epamberi mukushanda ndangariro ndeekutonga kwakanangana nekushambadzira kweruzivo. seyepasi parietal lobe. Basa remalobes epamberi rakakura sezvo ruzivo rwunogashirwa runopa kupindirana kukuru kana kudarika chinzvimbo chendangariro yekushanda. Iyo dorsolateral cortex inobatanidzwa mukutarisa uye kukanganisa kwemashoko. Basa reiyo orbitofrontal cortex harinyatso kujeka, vamwe vanoribatanidza nekuchengetedza, kudzora kupindira uye kudzivisa.
Atenció
Iwo ekumberi lobes ane basa rekudzora kutarisisa. Kuongorora kwakaringana kwekushomeka kwekutarisa kunoda mutsauko pakati peakasiyana maitiro ekutarisisa ayo anogona kunge achisarudzika kusagadzikana. Iyo yetsika ongororo ine zviyero zvekutarisa kushanduka, kusarudza uye kusimbisa kutarisisa, nepo kuwanda kwazvino ongororo kuchipatsanura yapfuura yekutarisa masisitimu.
Kugadzira chisarudzo
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakaratidzirwa, zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa, kukosha kweyemberi lobes mumabasa ekuita sarudzo ayo anosanganisira mibairo mibairo mune zvisina kugadzikana mamiriro. Zvidzidzo zvepamoyo zvekuziva, kusanganisira akasiyana bvunzo ekuita sarudzo, akaitwa mune varwere vane unilateral maronda (akaganhurirwa kune orbitofrontal, dorsolateral uye dorsomedial matunhu), mune varwere vane maronda akawandisa (anosanganisira maviri kana anopfuura eaya maviri nzvimbo) uye mune zvakajairwa kutonga. Vanyori vakaona kuti varwere vane unilateral maronda mune kurudyi orbitofrontal cortex vaive nekushomeka mukuita sarudzo-bvunzo, asi kwete maronda ekuruboshwe. Izvi zvidzidzo zvakasimbisa kuvepo kwekudyidzana pakati peyekutanga uye orbitofrontal cortex yekuita sarudzo uye kuti akati wandei maitiro ekuziva (kunyanya kushanda ndangariro) akakosha pasarudzo chaiyo yesarudzo dzinogona kuitika.
Kuzvidzora
Basa reiyo ventromedial cortex mune maitiro ekudzvinyirira, manzwiro uye mibairo, inoratidza kutora chikamu chinoshanda mumabatiro ehunhu kuzvidzora. Varwere vane kukuvara kweiyo ventromedial cortex vanogona kuunza matambudziko mukugadzirisa maitiro maererano nezvinangwa zvavo zvemukati. Uku kushomeka kunoonekwa nekusagona kuchengetedza chimiro chepfungwa chako pachako uye kushandisa iwo ruzivo rwekuzvimiririra kudzivirira mhinduro dzisina kukodzera.
kusetsa
Kuseka hunyanzvi hunoda kusangana kwekuziva uye nemanzwiro. Varwere vane maronda ari kurudyi kumberi kwemukati, kunyanya munzvimbo yepakati yepakati, vane matambudziko makuru mukukoshesa majee uye ma comic.
Iyo yekumberi lobe mukuvandudza kwemabasa makuru
Iyi yakaoma kunzwisisa neuroanatomical substrate, uye izvi zvinova pachena kana uchiongorora seti yekudzokedzana kubatana nehurongwa hwakasiyana senge limbic, iyo inosarudza kukurudzira kwekusimudzira kwemunhu; Kushamwaridzana nehurongwa kwave kuchionekwawo reticular activator, iyo inodzora mashandiro ekuchengetedza kwakaringana uye nenzvimbo dze gare gare kushamwaridzana, iyo inoumba hurongwa hwesisitimu yekucherechedza. Kubva pane izvi, zvinogona kusimbiswa kuti iro rekumberi denderedzwa ndicho chimiro chinodzora maitiro ekupindura (Executive mabasa).
Executive mabasa anozivikanwa seakateedzana ehunyanzvi hwekuziva hunobatanidzwa nekutarisira nekumisikidza zvinangwa, kugadzira zvirongwa uye zvirongwa, kutanga zviitiko, uye kushanda kwepfungwa. Zvakare zvakamisikidzwa mukati medu temu zviito zvekuzvidzora-wega uye kuongorora kwemabasa, kunyatsosarudzwa kwemaitiro uye kuitisa, uye sangano ravo munguva nenzvimbo.
Kukudziridzwa kwehutungamiriri basa kunoitika munguva kubva pamatanhatu kusvika pamasere emakore, nguva umo vana vanowana kugona kuzvidzora maitiro avo, nekumisikidza zvinangwa uye kutarisira zviitiko, zvisingatsamiri pamirairo yekunze. Uku kugona kugona kunoenderana kwakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwebasa remitauro (mutauro wemukati) uye kutaridzika kweanoshanda mashandiro ane musoro uye kusimba kwenzvimbo dzekutangira dzehuropi, dzinoitika munguva dzekukura kwemwana. Kana paine chironda munzvimbo yepamberi yeuropi, huwandu hwakawanda hwezviratidzo hunogona kucherechedzwa.
Kushamwaridzana kwakabatana
- Kucherechedzwa kwekucherechedza kunotsanangurwa se kukura kusagadzikana neurological uye psychic, inowanzoongororwa muhucheche, kunyangwe muzviitiko zvakawanda inoramba ichikura kuva munhu mukuru. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekuenzanisira kusvika kwakakomba kusakwanisa kugadzirisa kutarisisa kana kukanganisa. Munhu wacho anokwanisa kuterera kwenguva pfupi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iyi yekumberi lobe mamiriro ave achifambiswa nekusagadzikana (mota kusagadzikana) uye kusagadzikana maitiro, zvichikonzera matambudziko munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekushanda, zvichitadzisa kugarisana, kwepamoyo uye kwekuziva kukura kwemunhu anotambura nazvo.
- Asperger chirwere chakakomba chekukura kusagadzikana chinokanganisa neuro-biological mabasa, achikonzera kutsauka kana kukanganisika mune zvinotevera zvinhu: kubatana uye hunyanzvi hushamwari, kushandiswa kwemutauro pazvinangwa zvekutaurirana, uye hunhu hunhu hwakanangana nekudzokorora kana kutsungirira maitiro.
- Autistic kusagadzikana, inokonzeresa shanduko yekusimudzira magariro, nekuti inozivikanwa nekuti munhu anotarisisa kune rake remukati nyika.
- Kucherechedza kusagadzikana kusagadzikana, Kushushikana mamiriro anoita kuti pfungwa dzive dzekunetseka uye nekudzokororazve, kuburitsa kusagadzikana, kutya, kutya kana kunetseka, uye kudzokorora maitiro, anonzi kumanikidzwa kunoitirwa kudzikisa kushushikana kwakabatana.