Howa hwuri zvisikwa zvipenyu zviri zvehumambo fungi, iyo inosanganisira zvinopfuura zviuru zana zvemafungi, uye pakati pezvinhu zvakajairika zvinogona kutaurwa kuti hazvigadzi chlorophyll, zvinopihwa thallus (nhema nhema), inowanzo kuve yakasviba uye ine matavi, ayo anoshandiswa kutora zvinovaka muviri kubva kunharaunda, iwo marudzi ehukuru hwakasiyana uye kubereka kwavo kunowanzoitwa pachishandiswa spores (asexual). Fungal makoloni anorondedzerwa sezvirimwa zvinomera nekuti zvakaumbwa nemaseru anotora chikamu mukatabolism uye kukura.
Ivo chikamu chehurongwa hwekuora, hunotsigira hupenyu, nekuti nekukanganisa kuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu, zvinobvumidza zvinovaka muviri zvakasungwa mumatumbu kuti zvifambe zvekare mukuenderera mberi kwemorekuru kuberekwazve. Kubudikidza nebasa rayo, kabhoni inosunungurwa mumhepo muchimiro chekabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO2), Nitrogen muchimiro che nitrous oxide (N2O) kana molekyuli nitrogen (N2), muchiitiko ichi kuburitswa kwezvicherwa muvhu kunoitikawo nenzira yeiyoni.
Zvakajairika hunhu mumhando dzese dzefungi
Kufanana nemiti, ese marudzi efungi ari eukaryotic zvipenyu, zvinoreva kuti masero avo masero anowanikwa mune membrane. Nekudaro, fungi ine musanganiswa wehunhu hunovaisa mune imwe humambo.
Fungi inonyanya kuve yakawanda-yakawanda uye inoumbwa neyakareba mafirita, anozivikanwa se hyphae, vane madziro emukati anonzi septa, dzinovagovanisa mumaseru, zvivakwa izvi zvinowanzove nepore yepakati yakakura zvakakwana kuti ibvumidze kufamba kweganho diki. Izvo zvipenyu zveheterotrophic, zvisinei zvine nzira yakasarudzika yekuwana zvinovaka muviri, nekuti zvinongonwa chikafu kana chave kuora kuburikidza nekuita kwayo kuita mamorekuru akareruka, ayo anoyambuka membrane yeplasma kuburikidza nenzira yekupararira mavanopindira mapuroteni ekufambisa.
Kubatanidzwa kwehunhu hwakanangana ne morphology uye kusimudzira kwemhando dzefungus dzinozvisiyanisa kubva kune zvimwe zvipenyu, pakati pazvo tinogona kutaura:
- Ivo vangangove vakashanduka kubva ku flagellate protists.
- Ivo havana kufamba, ndiko kuti, havagone kufamba pamadiro.
- Izvi zvipenyu zvinowanzo gadzira kudyidzana nemamwe masangano, semuenzaniso wavo lichen, zvichikonzerwa nekubatana kwefungus ne algae kana photosynthetic bacteria. Zviitiko zvefungus zvinoumba kubatana kwekudyidzana nezvipembenene zvinozivikanwa.
- Pamwe pamwe nehutachiona ivo vanoita basa rakakosha mukuora kwezvinhu zvakasikwa.
- Fungi inoita kuora nekuvharidzira enzyme iyo inoora yakaoma makemikari makemikari, ichivashandura kuita mamorekuru ari nyore, ayo anogona kuve nyore kufambiswa nesvikiro.
- Tembiricha inodziya uye hunyoro zvinokurudzira kukura kwavo.
- Fungi inoita basa rakakosha mukati meindasitiri yezvikafu, sezvo ivo vachitora danho rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwechingwa (ehe, mbiriso chakuvhe), zvakare vanechinhanho muzvirongwa zvekumisa chizi ("yebhuruu " yebhuruu chizi isu tine chikwereti kuzviito zvezvipuka izvi).
Ziva mhando dzehowa
Kune akawanda maitiro ekutsanangudza, zvisinei, tichitarisa tsika yechinyakare tinogona kuti fungus dzinoiswa kunyanya tichitarisa humambo hwavari.
1. Kingdom Fungi
Mhando dzakatsanangura zvakanyanya hupenyu hupenyu dziri mune imwe yeaya mana phyla: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota uye Basidiomycota.
Phylum Chytridiomycota
Mazana manomwe ezviuru ari chikamu cheichi chikamu ndiwo chete marudzi efungi anounza maseru efagellate pane chero nhanho yehupenyu hwavo, gadzira spores uye mageteti izvo zvinofambiswa nenzira ye flagella. Ivo vanogadzira akati wandei akakosha emakemikari nzira uye ma enzymes, uye vanowana mamwe ese mafungal hunhu akatsanangurwa pamusoro. Ivo anoumbwa nedenderedzwa masero. Kazhinji kazhinji, vanorarama sevhu muvhu mumvura nyowani, pamashizha, matavi, kana mhuka dzakafa. Dzimwe mhando ndedzegungwa, uye dzimwe dzinogara pasi. Izvi zvipuka zvinokonzeresa wart scabi, chirwere chakakomba chinorwisa tubers.
Phylum Zygomycota
Mhando iyi inokonzeresa mhando zhinji dzehunyoro kuora mumichero uye mashoma maparasite zvirwere mumhuka. Mhando dzinopfuura chiuru dzakaonekwa muchikamu ichi, umo mhando yacho inogadzira coenocytic hyphae uye inogara muzvirimwa zvakafa nemhuka, pamwe nechero chinhu chinogadzirwa semanyowa. Ivo zvakare vanogadzira endo-symbiotic hukama mune yekugaya turakiti yemamwe arthropods.
Phylum Ascomycota
Muchikamu ichi mune mhando idzo dzinorarama dzakazvimiririra, pane dzinosvika makumi matatu, uye dzinosvika makumi matanhatu ezvisikwa, kana munhu akatarisa izvo zviri chikamu chemucherechedzo. Aya marudzi anozivikanwa nekuti, kusiyana nemamwe ese, anoratidza kuda kwavo kukura munzvimbo dzakasina hunyoro, ndosaka dzichiwanikwa muvhu rakaoma. Ascomycetes inoumba fungi dzakawandaMazhinji embiriso uye akasiyana bhuruu, girini, pink, uye shava kuumbwa izvo zvinowanzokura pane zvisina kuchengetedzwa chikafu zviri muboka iri.
Phylum Basidiomycota
Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira zvinopfuura zviuru gumi nezvina zvemhando dzinodyiwa howa, huturu hwehwahwa, kunhuwa kwemashizha, uye gelatinous howa. Mhando iyo mumutauro wakajairika inowanzodaidzwa kuti howa, howa kana kunyange howa zvinoenderana. Iyo howa ingori ratidziro yemuviri unobereka unobuda kubva pasi uye unoitika mukati mechikamu chehupenyu kutenderera kwefungus. Kupfuura 14.000% yeiyo vhoriyamu yefungus inogona kuramba iri pasi pevhu muchimiro che haploid mycelia yemhando dzakasiyana dzemubatanidzwa. Mhando idzi dzakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvishanu:
- boletales: Zvinosanganisira mhando dzehowa dzine howa hune tsoka neheti neyadzo hymenophore (iri pasi peheti) inogadzirwa nemachubhu uye ma pores akaparadzaniswa nenyama yeheti. Mienzaniso yezvipenyu zveichi chikamu. Paxillus, Gomphidius, Hygrophoropsis.
- Agaricals: Inosanganisira akajairwa howa ane hunde, ngowani, laminated hymenophore uye ine fibrous nyama.
- Russiansulales: Sezvazvakaita nehuswa hweagaricales, mhando idzi dzine kapu netsoka zvakanyatsotsanangurwa, mahwendefa ari pasi pechivharo, asi nyama yakapwanyika, yakakwasharara, yekuenderana kwakafanana nekrete yakanyorova.
- Aphillophorales: Fungi ine howa hwemhando dzakasiyana (mace, zvinonyaradza, matavi) ndeezve pano.
- Gasterals: Ndiwo mafungi kana howa uhwo hunowanzo kukomberedzwa neganda risingapindike kana chiumbwe chinonzi nguvaIvo vanowanzove neglobular, sphere kana pear maumbirwo.
2. Humambo Stramenopila
Phylum Oomycota
Iyo inovhara mhando dzemumvura fungus uye downy mildews, ayo ari akawanda saprophytic, emumvura kana epasirese marudzi, zvisinei, zvipembenene zvipenyu zvinogona kuwanikwa.
Izvo zvakanyanya kuomarara zvisikwa zveboka iri zvakasimbiswa semiti yezvipuka zvipuka, izvo zvinoita kwavo kwakazara kwehupenyu kutenderera mukati memugadziri, mune iyo mhepo ndiyo nzira yekufambisa yekuparadzira kwavo spores. Mhando dzeboka iri, sechigadzirwa cheis asexual kubereka maitiroIvo vanogadzira flagellate spores, isina masero masvingo uye ane maviri flagella, imwe yakatsetseka tyava uye imwe ndebvu. Kune chikamu chayo, kubereka pabonde kunoitika nekuda kweoogamy, inova mhando yemhando yekutamba yegetetangial. Varume gametic nuclei vanoendeswa zvakananga kuburikidza nepore panzvimbo yekubata kana kuburikidza neyakawedzera tubular inonzi iyo yekudyara chubhu. Kana mukono wemurume wangotakurwa, iyo antherryl inoparara, uye mushure mekudyara, rimwe kana akawanda zygotes anokura kuita kushora spores inonzi oospores.
Phylum Hyphochitridiomycota
Ichi chikamu chinoumbwa nemvura yemvura, yemvura yakachena uye yefungus yegungwa, zvipembenene zvealgae uye fungi, uye mune dzimwe nguva nesaprophytic marudzi. Ivo vanopa motile maseru ane imwechete ndebvu flagellum yakaisirwa anteriorly, uye maseru madziro ane chitin, kana dzimwe nguva cellulose. Muzvipenyu izvi hapana nzira dzinozivikanwa dzekubereka pabonde; mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuramba spores kunozivikanwa.
Phylum Labyrinthulomycota
Izvi zvinogadzira genus ine mashoma anozivikanwa marudzi, uye iwo akambodzidziswa anowanzo ari marine marudzi. Chikamu chemavara chinomiririrwa neyakaunganidzwa mixamebae, uye yekugadzirwa kweasexual spores iyo mixameba inoungana muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvepseudoplasmodium uye kuwedzera, kuti vagozvikomberedza nechuru cheviscous uye kupatsanura. Nenzira iyi zoospores dzinoumbwa. Imwe yeaya zoospores inoshambira kudzamara yawana iyo inomiririra iyo yainoibata mushure mekurasikirwa nemureza.
3. Kingdom Protista
Iri iboka rekuzvitutumadza, uye nekufukidza marudzi mazhinji kudaro hazvigoneke kumisikidza hunhu hunotsanangudza kana kusiyanisa hwese, ndosaka mududziro yaro tichaita chikamu chinotevera zvinoenderana nehukuru "Phylum" izvo dzinozvinyora:
Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota
Mwanakomana chisvetasimba fungi chealgae uye zvirimwa tsinga. Iyo inomera plasmodia inogona kunge iri haploid kana diploid, uye ichikura mukati memasero evaenzi. Uye zvakare, ivo vanogadzira spores ane masero maseru ari kunyanya chitin.
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
Aya marudzi e dichthyostelid slime fungi anowanikwa zvakanyanya mumanyowa, ivhu, uye kuora kwemuti wezvinhu. Izvo hazviwanzo kucherechedzwa mune zvakasikwa sezvo yavo fructization iri miniti uye iyo vegetative zvikamu zvishoma microscopic. Iyo thallus inomiririrwa ne haploid uninucleated amoeba isina rusero rusvingo runodya mabhakitiriya ne phagocytosis. Ivo vanozivikanwa nesomatic kuunganidzwa kwe amoebae mune pseudoplasmodium.
Phylum Acrasiomycota
Nhengo dzeboka iri dzinozivikanwa nenyaya yekuti muchikamu chekudyara chinoumbwa neyakaunganidzwa yemasero emunhu asina-kumeso ayo anochengetedza uye kuratidza kwavo phagotrophic chikafu. Ivo vanogona kuwanikwa mune humus-yakapfuma ivhu reminda uye mhandara uye deciduous masango. Ivo vanoshaya flagellate maseru uye avo fructization anonyanya ephemeral.
Phylum Myxomycota
Mucilaginous mhando dzefungi dzinogadzira spores, asi inoshaya maseru maseru uye muviri ihwo hombe hukuru hweprotoplasm ine vhoriyamu yemashoma cubic masentimita ayo ane mazana kana mamirioni enuclei. vanogona kufamba pamusoro pezvikamu, kunge amoeba, uye kugaya zvinovaka muviri kubva kune iyo substrate painofamba. Iyi nzira yekushandisa chinhu chemukati haigoneke mune yechokwadi kana yakatorwa fungi nekuti yavo maseru madziro akaomarara.
Iko kune kupatsanurwa kusingaenderane ne zvetsika maitiro zvichibva pakaravara kunoonekwa kuburikidza nemaikorosikopu yemafungus spores.
- Leukospore: Muboka iri mune izvo zvinoratidzira mavara pakati pechena uye kirimu toni. Muenzaniso: Lepiota, Lactarius naCantharellus.
- Melanosporos: Nhengo nhema. Muenzaniso: Panaeoulus.
- Rhodosporos: Kupenda matoni epingi. Muenzaniso: Pluteus, Entoloma uye Clitopilus.
- Ianthinosporeos: Violet ruvara. Muenzaniso: Stropharia, Hypholoma
- Chlorosporeos: Zvirimwa zvakasvibirira. Muenzaniso: Chlorophyllum.
Kwakatangira fungi
Pane humbowo hwekuti zvisikwa zvekutanga zvemafossili zvine hunhu hwakafanana nefungi zvakaumbwa makore angangoita zviuru mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu apfuura, zvinoenderana nenguva yeCambrian.
Vazhinji havazivi chii chave chakakosha kukosha kwefungus mune yekushanduka mamiriro, Nekudaro, zvakaringana kutaura izvo zvakanyanya nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti fungi ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yekutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwemazhinji multicellularity, hunhu hwaibvumidza kuvandudzwa kwetishu nenhengo zvinoumba zvipuka zvakaoma senge zvirimwa nemhuka. Pamusoro peizvi, pane data rinoratidza izvozvo fungi ndidzo dzaive dzekutanga kuita iyo yakabuda mukati memvura umo hupenyu hwakazvarwa kuti ikunde nyika yakaoma, ichibvumira kumisikidzwa kwepasi pezvirimwa.
Kuongororwa kwedata ravo kwakaomeswa nenyaya yekuti fungi ine miviri yakapfava isingasanganisike zvakanaka, zvisinei mashandiro ezvidzidzo zvepamusoro zvinoenderana nekuenzaniswa kweamino acid kuteedzana kweanopfuura zana mapuroteni anozivikanwa nefungi, zvirimwa uye Mhuka zvinoratidza. kuti fungi yakaonekwa sehumambo, anenge makore 100 bhiriyoni apfuura, uye fungi yekutanga inofungidzirwa kuva yemumvura.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo, hunhu hwekukura kwefungus unovaita ivo vanoshanda zvakanyanya makoloni, ndosaka nekuda kwechikonzero ichi mabviro avo anomuka kubva padiki kwazvo pazera repasi, uye nekufamba kwenguva kushanduka kwemarudzi kwakakonzerwa mukumuka kwemhando dzakawanda dzefungi, saka iyo kupatsanurwa kwemarudzi avo zvakapararira zvikuru.