Izvo zvinonzwisiswa mune yemakemikari epasi kuti mhinduro dzine musanganiswa wakafanana unoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri, iyo inonyungudika, uye iyo solvent, inozivikanwa nemitemo yesolute uye solvent.
Pakati pemhinduro idzi pane mhinduro dzakaomarara, dzinosanganisira dzese idzo dzisingakwanise kunyatsoziva kuti solute inogona kunyungudika zvakadii, uye iyo yakakosheswa iyo inogona kuturikira semhedzisiro inopesana neyekare.
Pane zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinofanirwa kutsunga kuziva huwandu hwesolute mune mhinduro, asi kuti uzive zvairi, unofanira kutanga wanyatsoongorora zvakadzama mune izvo mhinduro dzakakosha.
Ndeapi mhinduro dzakakosheswa?
Ndidzo dzese idzo mune zviyero zvemanyungudiki anodikanwa kunyungudutsa solute zvakatemwa nemazvo, izvo zvakakosha kwazvo musainzi uye tekinoroji, nekuti zvine maitiro ayo angasave nemuganhu wekukanganisa.
Zvinoumba mhinduro dzakakosha
Mumhinduro dzese pane zvinhu zvakafanana, zvinova zvinonyungudika, zvinoshanda sekunyungudika, uye zvinyungudutswa, zvinova zvinhu zvinonyungudika, izvo zvinowanzove zvidiki zvidiki pane izvo zvinonyungudika.
Mhando dzemhinduro dzakakosheswa
Kuvapo kwemhando nhatu dzemhinduro dzakakosheswa kunogona kucherechedzwa, ayo ari epakutanga, ionic uye akaumbwa.
Elementary mhinduro
Izvo zvinowanikwa kutanga kubva pamhinduro dzemamwe makomponi, ayo anoumbwa nezvinhu chete mune yakachena uye yakasikwa mamiriro.
Ionic Mhinduro
Ndiyo mhinduro iyo kana solute ikanyungudika muye solvent ichiparadzaniswa kuita ions kana kuora, muenzaniso wakajairika wemhinduro iyi ndewemunyu uri mumvura, sezvo uchiora maion ayo mune emvura inokonzeresa kunyungudika.
Mhinduro dzakagadziriswa
Izvo chaizvo zvinhu zvinoenderana nekuverenga kwezvinhu uye huremu hweatomiki hunoumba.
Nzira yekuverenga sei kukosha kwezvinhu?
Kuti uverenge kukosha kwesarudzo zvakafanira kuti uzive kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinozoshandiswa, zvichizotungamirwa kuenderera mberi nekushandisa zvikamu zvemuviri.
Mumakemikari mayunitsi akaenzana, uye zvakajairika ari muzvikamu zvemuviri ndiwo huwandu hwesolute uye huwandu hwayo.
Makemikari zvikamu
- Molarity: Iyo ndiyo chiyero chinogona kuwanikwa solute mune mhinduro, ingave yeionic, mamorekuru kana atomiki hunhu, izvo zvinowanzo chiri chinhu chinoshandura iko tembiricha. Mune kemesitiri inozivikanwa seyekuwandisa kwemolari, izvi zvinotsanangurwa netsamba M.
- Zvakajairika: Inotsanangurwa sehukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwesolute, neiyo ye solvent
- Zvikamu zvepanyama
- Misa muzana nehukuru: ndiyo muzana yemamolute esolute iri mumhinduro yega yega magiramu zana echinhu chinonyungudika.
- Vhoriyamu muzana nekuwanda: ndiyo muzana yemagiramu esolute ine mhinduro kune yega yega 100 ml ye solvent.
- Vhoriyamu muzana nevhoriyamu: zvinoreva huremu hwemamirimita kana cubic masentimita echinyoro pa 100 cubic centimeter kana millimeters e solvent.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nekuda kwemaitiro aya zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti iko kusungwa ihwohwo hukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwesolute uye huwandu hweye solvent iriko mune mhinduro, iyo inogona kuratidzwa munzira dzese dzinoonekwa pamusoro.
Sezvo zvichikoshawo kwazvo kuziva kushushikana kwezvinhu, kunova kugona kwesolute yekunyungudutsa mune solvent, inoenderana netembiricha uye kumanikidza, izvi zvinoverengerwa nekutora zvikamu zvekuwandisa uye zvakajairwa.
Musiyano uripo pakati pekukosheswa uye zvine simba mhinduro
Musiyano mukuru pakati pemhinduro mbiri idzi ndewekuti izvo zvine simba ndezvekuti muyero chaiwo wesolute mumhinduro haugone kutariswa, uye iwo akakosheswa ndeaya ayo, sekureva kwezita ravo, ane hunhu, ndiko kuti, zvinhu zvavo kuverenga.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mhinduro dzesimba ndidzo dzinoitwa nekuyedza uye nekukanganisa, nepo dzakakosheswa dzichirongwa uye kazhinji dzakakwana, nekuti panogona kunge pasina mhosho yekukanganisa panguva yekuzviita, nekuti vane huwandu hwezvinhu. kusanganisa.
Ungawana sei mhinduro yakakosheswa?
Mhedzisiro inogona kuwanikwa kubva kune yakatemwa mhinduro inoitwa kuburikidza nekumwe kurovedza uko kunoonekwa zvese zvinoonekwa muchinyorwa chino, kuti uone chiyero chekunyungudika kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe.
Kuti uone izvi, zvinhu zvekusarudza zvinofanirwa kutariswa: tembiricha yezvinhu, kumanikidza kumba kwekuve magasi, chimiro chezvose zvinonyungudika uye zvinogadziriswa, kuvapo kweion, iyo pH yemhinduro uye kuvapo kwekuoma vamiririri.
Iyo solubility inoenderana nezvinhu izvo KPS inoratidza iyo ionic kugona kwezvinhu zvinovagonesa, mimwe mienzaniso yehuwandu hwesolubility inogona kutaurwa.
- Mukomboni: barium cremate, fomula: caBO3, KPS pa25 degrees Celsius 2.58 × 10
- Mukomboni: barium fluoride, fomula baF2, KPS pa25º degrees Celsius 1.84 × 10
- Mukomboni: aluminium hydroxide, fomula Al8HO) 3, KPS At 25º madigiri Celsius 3 × 10
Zvakare nekunyatsocherechedza iwo mazinga echisimba ezvinhu, izvo zvinobatsira kubatsira kuona iwo mwero weunyoro.
Kuongorora huwandu hwayo uye huremo, zvichienderana neicho chinhu, uyezve nekuziva kukosha kwayo kwemolar kana kusungwa kwemolar, kukosha kwechinhu kuchazivikanwa, izvi zvinowanzoitwa kuburikidza nehungwaru maitiro anogona kunge akaomarara.
Muenzaniso weyero yekunyungudika inogona kunge iri yeshuga, iyo patembiricha yemadhigirii makumi maviri Celsius, inokwanisa kudzikisira magiramu gumi nemakumi matatu nematanhatu ayo pa litita rimwe remvura, kunyangwe iri nzira inononoka, inogona kuzadzikiswa. zvaizotora maminetsi makumi matatu kuti uzviwane.