Iyi inguva munhoroondo yehunyanzvi, iyo yaive yakavakirwa pachadenga, yakatarisa chimiro, mitemo yepasi rese uye nemitemo inofungidzirwa yakapa tsananguro yeshanduko dzakasiyana siyana muchimiro. Kutanga kwayo kwakatanga kubva pakuonekwa kwemutsigiri wayo mukuru, aive Thales weMileto, uyo akazvarwa muzana rechinomwe BC. C.
Nekuda kwehunhu hunowanikwa nema pre-Socrates, mukuchengeta hunhu uye musimboti wezvinhu, ndeyekuti nhanho iyi mukati mehunyanzvi hwechiGiriki inozivikanwa seye cosmological.
Zita rake zvisinei nekufungidzira kwetymological iyo inobatanidza zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvechiLatin lexicon (senge chivakamberi "pre" zvinoreva zvisati zvaitika; zita raSocrates rinoreva muzivi uye chinomiririra "ico", iro rinoshandiswa kuratidza "hama to ”), ine imwe tsananguro.
Ichi chirevo chinoshanda seimwewo pfungwa yekufungidzira uye chinoratidza izwi rekuti 'pre-Socrate', uye rakadaidzwa nekuti rakagadzirwa pamberi paSocrates uye kunyange rinosanganisira avo vaimutevera, vanoramba vachichengeta chinzvimbo chavo chekusafurirwa pfungwa dzemunyori mukuru ataurwa pamusoro.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya kufambiswa kwesangano iri ndechekuti panguva iyoyo vazivi vaisakwanisa kupokana nezvavakasimbisa nekuti rese data pamwe nekufungisisa kwaive kwakavakirwa pamaonero echimiro.
Nekudaro, dzaive fungidziro dzekukosha kukuru, zvekuti, kunyangwe zvaisagona kuratidzwa, izvi ndezvechokwadi mune zvirevo uye zvenguva isingarambike.
Ivo vakakurumbira pre-Socratic vazivi
Thales weMireto
Akanga ari muzivi wechiGiriki, nyanzvi yemasvomhu, geometrist, fizikiki uye mutemo uye muvambi wechikoro cheMireto, umo vamwe vateveri vake vakatora chikamu.
Kunyangwe pasina magwaro aine hunyorwa hwake, mipiro isingaperi inoitwa kwaari kwete chete mundima yeuzivi, masvomhu, nyeredzi, fizikisi, pakati pevamwe. Uye izvo zviri pakati pezana ramakore rechishanu kusvika kuC.
Iye anozivikanwawo semumiriri anoshanda weGreek polis yemahombekombe eIonia, Miletus, uko nekuwedzera pakuzvarwa, akafawo.
Mazhinji eiyo biography yemunyori ino yakavakwa neunganidzwa we data, maonero, makotesheni, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvakabatsira kuifambisa
Ichizivikanwa nevamwe seimwe ye'vachenjeri vanomwe veGirisi ', hazvizivikanwe zvechokwadi kana Mireto akauya, kunyangwe kunyora chimwe chinhu, sezvo pasina humbowo hunogutsa. Imwe yeanofungidzirwa budiriro ndeyekutenda kuti ndiye akaunza geometry kunyika yechiGreek.
Pakati pemifungo yepamberi peSocrates iyo inonzi ndeyemunyori ipfungwa yekutenda kuti pasi rinoyangarara pamusoro pemvura.
Anaxagoras
Mufilosofi uyu akasimuka nepfungwa yake ye'pfungwa yekuti isu 'zvinoreva pfungwa kana kufunga uye zvinonyanya kuratidza kufunga kwake kwouzivi.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinomuratidzira iye kuve wekutanga kufunga kwekune imwe nyika muAtene, kubvira paakazvarwa uye achigara zvakanyanya muClazómenas uye muna 483 BC akatama, nekuda kwezviitiko zvakateedzana uye nhamo, pakati payo kumukira kweIonia kupesana nehushe hwePezhiya. .
Aive mumwe weavo vakasimudzira kana kutarisisa pakuferefetwa kwechisikirwo kubva pakuona kwechiitiko, ndangariro nehunyanzvi. Zvinoenderana neyekuongorora nyeredzi kwemunyori uyu zvaive zvine musoro kupfuura izvo zvevamwe, uye pakati peizvi zvinomira pachena, pfungwa yekuti mhuka dzakazvarwa pakutanga dzakanyorova uye kubva kune imwe neimwe; kutenda kwekuti nyeredzi matombo akakurisa emwenje uye kana tikasaona kupisa kwadzo imhaka yekureba kwadzo.
Imwe yetsananguro dzake ndeye kuora kwezuva uye zuva; Kutanga kubva pane izvi, akataura kuti mwedzi hauna mwenje wawo wega, asi kuti wakautambira kubva kuzuva uye kuti waiva nemapani nemakomo. Aivewo nekutsvaga pamusoro peatomu yehuropi nehove.
Anaxagoras aive mumwe wevatanga kubvunza avo vakataura nezvaMwari kwete kubva pamaonero emusiki asi semuvaki wenyika, ndiko kuti, akazvitora seyambiro inotungamira yezvose.
Muhupenyu hwemunyori uyu, kunze kunowanzoitwa kuti aifarira kana kufunga kufunga kwaParmenides, iyo yakati, “kuti hapana chokwadi chitsva chinogona kutanga; ipapo zvese zvakagara zviripo. Zvidimbu zvidiki zvezvinhu zvese zviripo nekusingaperi (homeomeries). "Izvi zvisingaverengeki zvimedu zvakatanga kusanganiswa mu compact mass, zvakatanga sei kufamba uye zvidimbu kuti zviparadzanise nekubatana kupa kumuka kune akasiyana zvisikwa?"
Uye tichitarisa izvo zvataurwa pamusoro, Anaxagoras anoshandira kune izvo zvatataura pamusoro, iyo Nous, iri munzira iyi chikonzero chekunze icho chinoreva kunzwisisa kana ungwaru hwakapa iyo inert mass kufamba muchimiro chechamupupuri.
Anaximander weMireto
Aionekwa semudzidzi uye mutsivi waMireto, aive muzivi uye geographer weGirisi Yakare, uyezve shamwari yaAnaxímedes. Iye anozivikanwa nekutenda kwake kuti mavambo ezvinhu zvese (arjé) haana muganho (ápeiron).
Aive zvakare mutendi akatendeka mukuvapo kwenyika dzisingaverengeke, kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwe chaizvo kuti zvinoteedzana here kana kuti zvinowirirana.
Rimwe remabhuku anonzi akanyorwa nemunyori uyu raive "pane zvakasikwa"; chinyorwa chisina kana kopi chaiyo kana basa repakutanga, asi rakawanikwa kuburikidza ne 'dexographic' zvirevo kubva kune vamwe vanyori.
Ndiye aive wekutanga kumutsa nyaya ye 'zvinopesana' seyakakosha mukushanduka kwenyika. Kufungidzira kuti vamwe vatsigiri vaizotora.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonzi zvakanyorwa nemunyori uyu kuyerwa kwemasolstices nemaequinox nenzira yegnomon, mepu yepasi, basa rekuona kureba uye hukuru hwenyeredzi; pamwe nekutaura kusinganzwisisike kwekuti Nyika iri cylindrical uye inobata pakati peChadenga.
Anaximenes weMireto
Mumwe mudzidzi weMireto uye kunze kwaAnaximander. Neyekupedzisira akabvumirana mukutenda kuti mavambo kana misimboti yezvinhu zvese yaive isingaperi uye zvinonzi aive nemakore makumi maviri nemaviri ari mudiki.
Zvisinei izvi zvakakanda musiyano mukutenda kwakadai; kwaari kwaive kusina apeiron asi chinhu chakasarudzika senge 'mweya', icho chaakatora senge chinhu chemukati chekudzora uye kutsiva.
Kune Anaximenes, rarefaction inogadzira moto, nepo kukwirisa, mhepo, makore, mvura, pasi nematombo; kubva pazvinhu izvi, zvimwe zvese zvakasikwa.
Muzivi uyu akazvarwa muMireto muna 590 BC. C., anenge, uye akafa muna 524 a. C. Uye mipiro inonzi inonzi cosmology, meteorology uye fizikisi.
Archelaus
Kufanana nevamwe, hapana zvinyorwa zvepanyama zvemufungi uyu aive mudzidzisi waSocrates zvakachengetedzwa.
Hazvizivikanwe nechokwadi kana aimbobva kuAtene kana Mireto uye aive wadhi yeAnaxagoras. Chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa ndechekuti ndiye aive wekutanga kuunza huzivi hwezvakasikwa kuAtene.
Akafungisisa nezvehunhu, chimwe chezvaakataura ndechekuti paive nezvikonzero zviviri zvakagadzira zvese, kutonhora uye kupisa; iyo mvura yakanyoroveswa inogadzira ivhu uye painonyungudika inoburitsa mweya.
Kana dziri mhuka, akatsanangura kuti dzinozvarwa "kubva pakupisa kwepasi, uko kunodzikisira muto wakafanana nemukaka, unoshanda sekudya kwavo" uye kuti varume vakazvarwa kekutanga nenzira imwechete iyi.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, akasimbisa kuti chikuru pane dzose nyeredzi izuva, kuti makungwa ari munzvimbo dzakadzika dzenyika (mune mutsinga dzayo) uye kuti Nyika haina magumo.
Archytas
Archytas weTarentum aive muzivi, nyanzvi yemasvomhu, nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga, mutungamiriri wenyika, uye mukuru. Izvi zvaive zvechechi yechikoro chevaPythagore uye aive mudzidzi waPhilolaus. Zvinonzi zvakare aive shamwari yaPlato, waakasangana naye mushure mekufa kwaSocrates, parwendo rwekutanga rwaakaita kumaodzanyemba kweItaly neSicily muna 388/7 BC. C.
Akapa kune akateedzana ezvisikwa kwaaigara, senge shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika, zviyeuchidzo, tembere, pakati pezvimwe zvivakwa zvaipa guta kubwinya. Archytas akadzidziswa uye akapawo zvipo kuburikidza neruzivo rwavo rwekubatana munzvimbo yeArithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy neMimhanzi. Zvakare muQuadrivium, Acoustics uye kugadzirisa masvomhu nenzira yakarairwa uye yehunyanzvi.
Zvidzidzo zvake zvine hungwaru, kupfuura vadzidzi vese vemasvomhu, zvinonzi pamwe zvaive nechekuita nekugadzirwa kwepulley, sando uye mhando yeshiri yemuchina, nekuti yaive nemapapiro uye yakaitawo kuti ibhururuke nekuda kwekushushikana kubva padanho yakatsindirwa steam.
Chinhu chinoshamisira mumagwaro ehupenyu hwemunyori uyu ndechekuti mazhinji emakopi anoitwa nevamwe vazivi venguva, avo vakaitawo zvakafanana kana zvakaenzana kufunga kune vamwe vanyori uye nekudaro hapana huchokwadi kana chokwadi chehumwe budiriro kana humiriri hwese.
Cratyl
Mumwe weve pre-Socrate vafilosofi vekupera kwezana ramakore rechishanu BC. C. Inofungidzirwa semumiriri wehukama.
Iye anozivikanwa zvakare nekuve mumwe wevatsigiri vepfungwa yaHeraclitus, uyo akataura kuti "munhu haagoni kushamba kaviri murwizi rumwe chete nekuti pakati pevaviri, mutumbi uye rwizi mvura yashandurwa. Sekureva kwevaongorori, izvi zvakatora kuratidzwa kwakadaro zvakanyanya; mumwe wavo aive Aristotle, uyo, sekutaura kwaCratylus, akazivisa kuti "hazvigone kuitwa kana kamwe chete."
Pfungwa iyi yakawedzerwa nemunyori, yakapa kuratidzwa kuti "kana nyika iri kuramba ichichinja, ipapo rwizi runochinja ipapo ipapo." Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti, kuchengeta chimiro chimwe chete kana chimiro chemazwi, ivo vanowanzo shanduka kakawanda.
Chimwe chezviitiko zvinoratidza uyu muzivi ndechekuti, nekudaro, kubva pakuratidzika kwakadai, akafunga kuti kutaurirana kwaive kusingaiti uye akarega kutaura, achizvisarudzira kutaura nekufamba kwemunwe wake.
Chinhu chakakosha kusimbisa ndechekuti Cratylus akasangana naSocrates muna 407 BC. C. uye kwemakore masere akatevera akazvipira kuti amudzidzise.
Xenophanes
Anonzi Xenophanes de Colophon uye mazuva ake ekuberekwa ari pakati pa580 BC. C. uye 570 a. Kufanana nevamwe vazivi ve pre-Socrate, mabasa ake anochengetedzwa pamwe nekuumbwa kwezvimedu.
Zvinoenderana neanoverengeka ehupenyu dhata anowanikwa uye anotobvunzwa, nekuti hapana chokwadi nezvazvo; Uyu muzivi akaberekerwa muColophon, guta riri mumahombekombe muAsia Minor.
Kunze kwekuve muzivi wechiGiriki, aive mudetembi wechienzi, aifarira matambudziko ezvechitendero uye achiramba zvaasina kufunga nezvazvo, sekunge kupokana naHomer, archetype yanyanduri uye hwaro hwakakosha hwedzidzo yemazuva ano.
Maitiro avo kana nharo pamusoro pazvo zvinonzi zvakavezwa nehunhu uye hunhu hwevanamwari vezvitendero zvakajairwa.
Heraclitus
Akazvarwa mugore ra540 a. Zita rake rakazara ainzi Heraclitus weku Efeso uye aizivikanwawo se "Rima reEfeso." Kuchengetedza hunhu hwevamwe, zvipo zvavo zvinozivikanwa nekuda kwehuchapupu hwevazivi vepashure.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, kwakatangira kuratidzwa kwemutsara wekuti "Haugone kugeza kaviri murwizi rumwe chete"; iyo yakagadzirwa naiye pachake.
Basa rake rinoonekwa seaporistic, iri zvakare mune vazivi venyama vekutanga vaifunga kuti nyika yakabva pachisikigo (senge mvura yeThales yeMireto, mweya weAnaximenes uye apeiron yeAnaximander). Musiyano uripo ndewekuti, kuna Heraclitus, musimboti wacho waive wemoto uye haufanire kutorwa sezvaari, nekuti sevamwe vanyori, yaive fananidzo.
Tsananguro yaakapa kumoto sechinhu chekutanga chezvinhu, yaive yekuti "chirevo chemoto chinoreva kufamba kusingachinji uye shanduko mune nyika, nekufamba kusingagumi kunoenderana nehurongwa hwekupokana; uye kupesana kuri pakatangira zvinhu zvese ”.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoda kuziva ndechekuti kune mwena wemugodhi unonzi Heraclitus, mukumukudza. Zvakare iyo asteroid (5204) Herakleitos inorangarira muzivi. Zvinonzi akafa munenge muna 480 BC. C.
Zvimwe zvisina kukosha zvakakosha pre-Socratic vazivi:
- Democritus
- Diogenes weApollonia
- Empedocles
- epicharm
- Ferécides weSyros
- Hippocrates weChios
- Jeniades
- Xenophanes
- Leucippus weMireto
- Meliso anobva kuSamo
- Lámpsaco Metrodoro
- Chios Metrodoro
- Elea Parmenides
- Zeno yeErea