Hupenyu papasi rinotemerwa neseti yehukama mune iko kuyerera kunoshamisa kweruzivo uye nekuenderera kuchinjana kwenyaya nesimba. Zvakakosha zvese zvine huremu uye zvinotora nzvimbo muchadenga, inoumbwa nemaatomu, ayo ari mashoma mayuniti anoumba icho. Zvisikwa zvipenyu, mvura, nyeredzi, zvese zvakatikomberedza zvakaumbwa nemaatomu.
Musiyano wezvinhu zvemakemikari inopihwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzematomu. Rudzi rumwe nerumwe rweatomu runoumba chakasiyana chemakemikari Parizvino zvikamu gumi nemashanu zvemakemikari zvinozivikanwa, ayo makumi masere nemasere anowanikwa zvakasikwa uye mamwe ese akagadzirwa zvakagadzirwa mumarabhoritari.
Sezvatakataura, zvisikwa zvinoumbwa nenyaya, uye zvese zvipenyu zvino zvakagadzirwawo nenyaya, inova iyo inoumbwa nemaatomu uye izvi zvinoumba zvinhu. Izvo zvinhu zvinoumba zvinhu zvipenyu zvinozivikanwa nezita rezvinhu zveBioelements, izvi zvakare zvinomisikidzwa zvichienderana kana zvichikosha pakurarama mu: maPrimary bioelements uye echipiri bioelements
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu
Zvekutanga maBioelements ndeaya akakosha emakemikari ezvinhu, aripo mune inorarama nyaya, mumasero, nyama, nhengo uye masisitimu anovagadzira iwo kubva pane akapusa kusvika kune akaomesesa. Sezvatakambotaura, zvese zvine basa, kazhinji, zvingave zvipenyu kana kwete, zvakagadzirwa nemaatomu, uye zvese zvinoumbwa nerudzi rumwe chete rweatomu zvinozivikanwa sechinhu, zvinhu, zvinozivikanwa kusvika zvino, zviri 105.
Mubumbiro rezvinhu zvipenyu tinogona kuwana dzinosvika makumi manomwe dzakagadzika zvemakemikari zvinhu, zviripo zvinhu zvese zviripo papasi, kubvisa magasi akanaka. Dzinosvika makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe muzana (70%) yezvinhu zvese zviripo zviripo, mazhinji acho ari masero akaumbwa nezvinhu izvi zvitanhatu: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H2), okisijeni (O2), Nitrogen (N2); Phosphorus (P) uye Sarufa (S) izvo ndiyo yakanyanya kuwanda mune iyi nyaya mupenyu atinowana pasi pano. Iwo anonzi anonzi bioelements nekuti ivo vanoumba chikamu chakakosha cheiyo yekutanga kana yekutanga bumbiro rezvinhu zvipenyu.
Mhando dze bioelements
Zvinoenderana nekuti ivo vanoumba chikamu chebumbiro rakakosha rezvinyorwa zvezvinhu zvipenyu, maBioelements anogona kuverengerwa mukati: ekutanga bioelements uye echipiri bioelements.
Primary Bioelements
Iwo ese iwo mabioelements ari chikamu chebumbiro rakakosha rezvinhu zvipenyu, sezvo iwo ari chikamu chakakosha mukuumbwa kwe organic biomolecule: mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, lipids, uye nucleic acids. Ivo vanoumba iyo mambure ehupenyu chinhu uye ndeaya: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H2), okisijeni (O2), Nitrogen (N2); Phosphorus (P) uye Sarufa (S).
Carbon (C)
Es iyo yakakosha yakakosha chikamu chemamorekuru ese emakemikari, anoonekwa mumaketani ese semasaga anopa chimiro uye mashandiro kune organic biomolecule. Ese makomputa emakemikari akagadzirwa nemakabhoni emaketani ayo anoumba zvisungo nezvimwe zvinhu kana makomponi
Iine maerekitironi mana muhombodo yayo yekunze uye inogona kuumba mabondoni akabatana nemamwe macarboni ayo anoibvumira kuti iumbe ngetani refu maatomu (macromolecule). Izvi zvisungo zvinogona kuve zvisina kuroorwa, zvakapetwa kana katatu. Ivo vanogona zvakare kusunga kune akasiyana radicals akaumbwa nezvinhu (-H, = O, -OH, -NH2, -SH, H2PO4) pakati pevamwe, kuitira kuti igone kugadzirwa kwenhamba huru yemamorekuru, ayo anopindira mukuwanda kwekushanduka kwemakemikari, zvobva zvatora mukana wekusiyana-siyana kuri munharaunda.
Carbon chinhu chakakosha pamhuka nezvirimwa. Icho chikamu chakakosha cheiyo glucose morekuru, yakakosha makabhohaidhiretsi ekuitisa maitiro senge kufema; inopindirawo muphotosynthesis, iri muchimiro cheEC2 (kabhoni dhayokisaidhi).
Carbon zvakare chikamu cheimwe macromolecule yakakosha pahupenyu, iyo yeDNA, mamorekuru aya ane ruzivo rwechibereko rwunopa mumwe nemumwe hunhu hwaasina, uyezve hunoshandiswa nemuviri kudzokorora uye kuendesa ruzivo irworwo zvizvarwa
Hydrogen
Hydrogen, pamwe neoksijeni, chikamu chakakosha chezvinhu zvakasikwa. Panyaya yemamwe lipids, ivo vanongoratidzira ma carbon nemahydrogen maatomu mubumbiro ravo. I electron ion ine iyo atomu rehydrogen munzvimbo yayo yekupedzisira, Inokutendera iwe kumisikidza zviri nyore zvisungo nechero ipi yekutanga bioelements.
Chisungo chakabatana chinoumba pakati pekabhoni nehydrogen chakasimba zvakakwana kuti chigadzikane, asi chisina kusimba zvakakwana kuti chidzivise kupatsanuka uye nokudaro chinotendera kubatanidzwa kwemamwe mamorekuru. Mamorekuru akaumbwa, chete nehydrogen uye kabhoni, anowirirana kune polar (isina insoluble mumvura).
Iyo Oxigen
Oxygen ndiyo inonyanya kuisa magetsi pazvinhu zvese zvekutanga zveBioelements, uye painobatana nehydrogen, inokwezva yayo chete elektroni, inotangira matanda emagetsi, saka ma radicals -OH, -CHO, uye COOH ndiwo mapolar radicals. Kana izvi radicals zvatsiva mamwe mahydrogen eakoni cheni uye mahydrojeni akadai seglucose (C6H12O6) zvinopa mamorekuru semvura inonyungudika mune zvinwiwa zvepolar.
Oxygen, nekuda kwayo electronegativity, inokwanisa kukwezva maerekitironi kubva kune mamwe maatomu. Maitiro aya anosanganisira kudamburwa kwezvisungo uye kuburitswa kwesimba rakawanda. Carbon neoksijeni makemikari anoita nezve chii inozivikanwa sekufema kweaerobic, uye inzira yakajairika yekuwana simba. Imwe nzira yekuwana simba kuvirisa, izvi zvakadzikiswa kubvira algae uye zvirimwa, kuburikidza nefotosynthesis, zvakatanga kuburitsa oksijeni yemamiriro ekutanga.
Iyo oxidation maitiro emakemikari emakemikari inoitwa kuburikidza nekubvisa maatomu ehydrojeni kubva kumaatomu ecarbon. Okisijeni, ichiva nemagetsi, inopa simba rakakura pahydrogen elektroni pane iyo kabhoni yemagetsi, saka inokwanisa kuitanga.
Saka mvura inogadzirwa, iine hydrogen pamwe neoksijeni uye huwandu hwesimba hunoburitswa izvo zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinotora mukana nazvo. Sezvo kabhoni atomu inotanga kugovera elektroni ine hydrogen, nekugovana mashoma maerekitironi neoksijeni, inosangana nekurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi, ndokuti, inosanganisa.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen chinhu chinenge chiri 78% chikamu chemuchadenga. Icho zvakare chakakosha chikamu che deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mapuroteni, ane basa rekufambisa mavara kubva kuvabereki kuenda kuvana. DNA iripo mumaseru ese emuviri, saka kukosha kwe nitrogen kune zvipenyu.
Muzhinji, nitrogen haigone kunyudzwa yakananga, asi sechikamu chemamwe makomputa akadai senitrate, nitrites kana ammonium makomputa ayo anayo. Isati yashandiswa nezvipenyu, nitrogen inoda kupfuura nhanho dzinoverengeka:
- Amonification, maitiro ayo nitrogen inoshandurwa kuita ammonia.
- Nitrification inosanganisira yekushandura ammonia kuita nitrites uye nitrate.
- Iyo yekugadzirisa nzira iyo iyo nitrogen inopfuura nenzira dzakasiyana kuita nitrite kana nitrate, zvese zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa nezvipenyu.
Nitrogen inowanikwa muamino acids, ndiko kuti, mumamorekuru anoita mapuroteni, achiumba amino mapoka (-NH2) uye mune nitrogenous mabheseni enucleic acids. Nitrogen ndiyo yakawanda gasi mumhepoKunyangwe izvi, zvisikwa zvidiki kwazvo zvinokwanisa kutora mukana nazvo. Inenge yese iyo nitrogen inosanganisirwa muzvinhu zvipenyu nealgae uye zvinomera zvinonwiwa nenzira yenitrate ion (NH3).
Nitrogen iri nyore kwazvo kuumba macomputer neese hydrogen (NH3) sekunge neoksijeni (NO-), iyo inobvumira kuti ipfuure kubva kune imwe fomu ichienda kune imwe, zvobva zvaburitsa simba.
Sarufa Sechinhu cheproteininokosha amino acids, mavhitamini uye akakosha mahormone, sarufa yakakosha kune vese vanhu nemhuka.
Sarufa inomiririra 0.25% yehuremu hwomuviri wedu, izvi zvinoreva kuti avhareji yemuviri mukuru ine inenge 170g yesarufa, yakawanda yacho inowanikwa muamino acids. Sarufa chikamu cheiyo bile acids, yakakosha pakugaya uye kunwa kwemafuta. Inobatsira kuchengetedza hutano ganda, vhudzi nezvipikiri uye ine basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwetishu. Sulphur inowanzo kuve iri mumiriwo senge radish, makarotsi, zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, chizi, hove uye nyama.
Mutambo
Huwandu hwephosphorus huripo mumhepo hahunetseke. Iyo yakanyanya chengetedzwa ye phosphorus inowanikwa mumatope emakungwa. Ivhu rinoumba, mukukosha kwekukosha dura rechipiri rezvisikwa re phosphorus. Tinogona zvakare kuiwana mukukura kwepasi sechinhu chemaminerari akasiyana siyana nekuda kwemakemikari ekunze, phosphates inosunungurwa kubva kune chicherwa, inonyungudika uye inotakurwa nemvura.
Chikamu chephosphate precipitates, kunyanya muchimiro checalcium phosphate, uye chimwe chikamu chinosvika mumakungwa, uko yakawanda phosphorus inoungana, ichiita iyo inonzi phosphorus misungo.
Phosphorus muchimiro che Organic phosphate, yakakosha zvakanyanya kune nyaya yekurarama kubvira:
- Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvinoumbwa nenucleic acids (RNA neDNA, izvo zvinoumba iwo majini zvinhu zvezvipenyu
- Inowanikwa sechinhu cheadenosine triphosphate, inova sosi yesimba yesimba mune chinhu chinorarama.
- Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvinoumba mapfupa.