Mubazi iri resainzi, hunyoro hunozivikanwa nekusunganidzwa kwechinhu, icho chinogona kutariswa kuti yakawanda sei sora inodikanwa kuti ikwanise kuputsa chimwe chinhu, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti ichi chikamu chinopihwa neInternational System Of. zvikamu.
Nekushandisa chaiko kushevedzera, ziva iko kusunganidzwa kwechimwe chinhu, uye zvakare zvichakwanisika kumisa kuti ndeupi huremu hwechinyoro, izvo zvinonyanya kudikanwa kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa huwandu hwezvinhu zviviri (solute uye solvent) nemhando dzadzo.
Iyo yekugadzirira system yekugona kuona kuenzana kwezvinhu haina kujairika seyakaomarara, nekuti hazvidiwe kushandisa volumetric flask, asi asi, nekushandisa beaker uye chiyero chekuongorora. zvakakwana kuti ndikwanise kuita kuyedza.
Kusununguka kune zvakwakanakira pamusoro pechimiro, nekuti nekuda kwenzira dzayo hazvisi zvichienderana nezvinokanganisa zvinhu senge tembiricha uye kumanikidza, nekuti haina kunyanya kukoshesa kuverenga kwehuwandu muzvinhu zvakadzidzwa.
Hunhu (Kufungisisa)
Unhu hunotsanangurwa sekusanganiswa kwemhinduro, zvichinyatso kutaura mumakemikari mazwi, ayo anoreva iyo hukama kana chikamu chinogona kuvapo pakati pezvinhu zviviri, inozivikanwa mune ino svikiro seye solute uye mhinduro, kana chinhu chinofanira kunyungudika.
Unhu hunozivikanwawo sezwi rinoshandiswa kuratidza kuti kusangana kuri kuitiswa, uko kunosanganisira kuwedzera chikamu chesa solute mune solvent, nepo nzira inopesana ichizivikanwa seye dilution.
Kuti uwane nzwisiso iri nani yeichi chiitiko, chinhu chinonzi solute ndechimwe chinonyungudika, nepo iyo solvent iri iyo yega chinhu chinhu chinokwanisa kupukuta vamwe. Nekudaro, kunyungudika imhedzisiro yemusanganiswa wakafanana wakaitwa kare nezvinhu zviviri zvambotaurwa.
Kunyangwe paine huwandu hwakawanda hwesolute mumusanganiswa, iyo yakadzika mafungire, uye patinotaura nezve yakawanda yakawanda solute mune iyo solvent, iko kusungwa kunogona kuve kwakaringana, izvo zvinoreva kuti mhinduro hachisi chinhu chinopfuura musanganiswa wakafanana pakati pamwe zvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura.
Solubility
Iri izwi rinoshandiswa kumisikidza huwandu hwakawanda hweunyoro hunogona kuvapo musunyungudiki, zvinova zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita senge tembiricha kana kumanikidza uko nharaunda kana zvimwewo zvikamu zvinogona kuunza, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvakambonyungudika kare. Kana izvo zviri mumamiriro ekumiswa.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti pane imwe nhanho umo solute haichakwanise kunyungudika neyakagadziriswa, uye kana izvi zvikaitika zvinotariswa kuti chinhu chakazara zvakakwana, muenzaniso weizvi unogona kunge uri kana teaspoon yetsvigiri yakawedzerwa pairi girazi remvura, kana zvirimo zvakazungunuswa zvinokwanisika kucherechedza kuti shuga inonyungudika sei, asi kana chinhu chacho chikawedzerwa chichaonekwa kuti shuga inomira sei kuparara uye icharamba ichiyangarara mumvura, kusvika po rinosvika pasi pegirazi. Maitiro aya anogona kuitwazve kana tembiricha yashandurwa, semuenzaniso nekupisa mvura, nekuti maitiro aya anogona kushandurwa nechinhu chekupisa, hongu kune imwe nhanho, uye kana mvura yatonhodzwa, ichawanikwa se mhedzisiro mukana weshuga shoma inopera mumvura.
Ndedzipi nzira dzekuratidzira huturu?
Vaviri varipo nzira dzakakosha dzekuyera kusungwa (hunyoro) muzvinhu, izvo zvakaenzana uye zvine hungwaru, kuva wekutanga wehunhu hwenhamba, hunoshandiswa kana iwe uchida kuziva huwandu chaihwo hwakaita sekuwanda, chimiro, zvakajairika uye zvikamu pamiriyoni, nepo iwo ehunhu ari empirical mhedzisiro, saka huwandu hwezvinhu zviri mumhinduro hazvinyatso kuzivikanwa.
Kuwanda kwevasungwa
Rudzi urwu rweruzivo rwehuwandu hwehuwandu mumhinduro hunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuyedza kwesainzi, pamwe nemumaindasitiri maitiro, nekuti akanyatsojeka, nekuti anoratidza iwo chaiwo huwandu hwezvinhu.
Zvekushandisa kwesainzi, nemaindasitiri senge mafamasi, pakati pevamwe, kushandiswa kwehunhu hwehukama hakuna basa, nekuti iwo haape chaiyo uye yakatemwa huwandu uye zvinhu, nekuti zvine simba uye kwete manhamba.
Iyo yakawanda mhinduro mhinduro ndeinotevera:
- Zvakajairika (N): nhamba yezvakaenzana nesolute iri mune 1 litre yemhinduro, iyo inogona kucherechedzwa se: Kufanana kwesolute / litita emhinduro, chivakwa chayo chiri iro iro remhinduro.
- Hunhu: huwandu hwema moles e solute kirogiramu ye solvent, iyo inogona kucherechedzwa se: MaMoles e solute / kilograms e solvent, chivakwa chayo chiri huremu hwemhinduro.
- Molarity: nhamba yemamota esolute ari mune 1 litre ye solvent, iyo inogona kucherechedzwa se: MaMoles e solute / litita emhinduro, chivakwa chayo chiri iro iro remhinduro.
- Kurema muzana: Kurema mayuniti esolute ari mune zana ehuremu mayuniti emhinduro, ayo anogona kuonekwa se: Gramu yesolute / 100 gramu yemhinduro, chivakwa chayo chiri huremu hwemhinduro.
- Kusungwa nehuremu: huremu hwesolute iri muchikamu chevhoriyamu yemhinduro, iyo inogona kucherechedzwa se: Gramu dzesolute / litita emhinduro, chivakwa chayo chiri iro vhoriyamu remhinduro.
Nzira dzekuratidzira kukosheswa neaya maitiro euwandu ndiwo massaizi-mashoma kana vhoriyamu-vhoriyamu muzana, pamwe nehukuru-vhoriyamu, pamwe neizvo zvinozivikanwa molality, kutenderera, chimiro, zvakajairika, iyo molar chidimbu. Kana huwandu hwacho huri hudiki chaizvo, hunoratidzwa sezvikamu pamirioni, trillion kana trillion, vachiva iwo mamiririri emifananidzo nenzira inotevera: PPM, PPB, PPT.
Qualitative wevasungwa
Nenzira iyi yekumisikidza huwandu hwesolute muunyungudiki, hunyanzvi matekinoroji haashandiswe saka mhedzisiro haina kunyatsoita, asi asi vanozivikanwa nekuve vane simba, vane kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nechikamu chevasungwa, sezviri zvinotevera.
Yakasimbiswa, yakazara uye yakanyanyisa
Iko kusanganisa kwemhinduro, kana musanganiswa wakaenzana unogona kusarudzwa, hongu uchitaura maererano neunyoro, zvinoenderana nekuti iyo solute yakanyungudutswa musolvent, inotungamirwa nehuwandu hwayo.
- Supersaturated mhinduro: Izvi zvinoreva kana mhinduro ine zvakawanda zvakawandisa kupfuura zvayingawanzo, ndiko kuti, inodarika muganho unobvumidzwa, izvi imhaka yekuti misanganiswa inogona kudziyirwa, uye sezvo tembiricha iri chinhu chinokanganisa mhinduro, izvi zvinogona kutora pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, uye kunyangwe kana yatonhorera inogona kuramba iine huwandu hwakaenzana nepayaive ichipisa, kunyangwe ichikanganisa kunyangwe nekufamba kushoma, ichichinja kuumbwa kwayo, uye ichiita mhinduro yakazara.
- Yakagadziriswa mhinduro: Zvinogona kunzi musanganiswa wakazara, kana paine kuenzana pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvinozivikanwa se solute uye solvent, ndiko kuti, huwandu hwehuwandu hwakaringana, saka hunoramba hwakadzikama pasina chikonzero chekuchinja tembiricha yekumanikidza zvinhu ku kukwanisa kupedzisa.
- Isina kugadziriswa mhinduro: mhando iyi yemhinduro inogona kusiyaniswa kana solute isingasvike pamatanho ekunyungudika, saka havagone kudzikamisa ma solvents nehunyanzvi hwavo.
Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mhinduro dzisina kusaturika ndidzo dziine huwandu hushoma hwekunyungudika, pane zvavanogona kunyungudika, mhinduro dzakaguta ndidzo dziine huwandu hwakawanda hwesolute inogona kuvapo mune imwe solvent, pane imwe tembiricha. , uye masupataturated acho ndeaya ane zvinopfuura huwandu hwakatenderwa sarute mune solvent, pane tembiricha yakapihwa yechiitiko ichocho.
Yakasanganiswa kana kusimbiswa
Aya mazwi anowanzo shandiswa zvakanyanya colloquially nekuti iyo sanganisa mhinduro Zvinogona kusiyaniswa nekushaya simba kana pamatanho akaderera, nepo patinenge tichitaura nezve mhinduro yakagadziriswa kana yakasanganiswa, ndipo zvinhu pazvinenge zviri pamwero wakakwira. Izvo zvinonzi zvine hukama nekuti izvi zvine hunyanzvi mune zvakasikwa, saka iwo mazinga ehusungwa haazivikanwe chaizvo, izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa nemienzaniso inoitika zuva nezuva muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, senge paunenge uchida kugadzira lemonade iwe Unogona kuona kana yasanganiswa kana kusunganidzwa neruvara rwayo kana kunaka.
Kuti unzwisise zvishoma zvinorehwa nemhando idzi dzemhinduro, pfungwa dzakapihwa zvinoenderana nemakemikari zvicharatidzwa pazasi, zvinova zvinotevera.
- Yakagadziriswa mhinduro: Iyo ndeimwe iyo iyo solute inogona kukosheswa muzvakadzika zvakadzika zviyero mune mamwe mavhoriyamu akapihwa yechiitiko.
- Yakagadziriswa mhinduro: ndeavo mune iyo huwandu hwesungute inogona kukosheswa zvishoma zvirinani, nekuti ivo vanonyanya kuwanda.
Dzimwe nzira dzekuziva kusangana
Kune mamwe mhinduro akajairika kune mamwe matavi esainzi uye nekutsvagisa izvo dzimwe nzira dzakasarudzika kana dzakasiyana dzinofanirwa kushandiswa, nekuda kwezvimwe zvinhu, pakati pazvo zvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa.
Baumé chikero
Ichi ndicho chikero chaive chakasanogadzirwa nemufemesi uye kemisiti Antoine Baumé kutenderedza gore ra1768, padhuze nezuva raakakwanisa kuvaka aerometer yake, iyo yaakasika aine chinangwa chekuyera kuwanda kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seacid uye manyuchi, hunhu hweichi chiyero kuva iwo madhiri eBhaumé, ayo anowanzo kuve anomiririrwa neB kana neB.
Brix chikero
Chiyero ichi chinoshandisa se chikuru chinhu Brix madhigirii, iyo inowanzo fananidzirwa neBx, uye basa rayo guru nderekuona huwandu hweasprosi mune mhinduro, ndokuti huwandu hweshuga inogona kunyungudika mune chero mhando yemvura.
Kuti uone huwandu hweasucrose mune mvura, chakakosha chiridzwa chinonzi saccharimeter chinodiwa, icho chinokwanisa kuyera huwandu hwezvinwiwa, semuenzaniso kana chinhu chine 25 gramu eBx, zvinoreva kuti pane magiramu makumi maviri nemashanu. ye sucrose pa25 gramu emvura.
Ichi ndicho chikero chakagadzirwa zvichibva pahwaro hweimwe zviyero zvinokwanisa kuyera hunyoro (fungidziro) yemhinduro, dzakadai seBalling kana Plato sikero, iyo Brix iri hunhu hwezvinhu zvinotapira, zvakaita semuto wemajusi. Michero, michero yewaini uye chero chinhu chakafanana navo.
Kuwandisa
Chaizvoizvo hazvigone kutaurwa kuti kuwanda inzira yekujekesa kuwanda kwezvinhu, kunyangwe iine hunhu hwakaenzana neiyo yevasungwa, chero bedzi vari pasi pemamiriro akafanana ekumanikidza uye tembiricha, nekuda kweizvi zvinogona kuoneka. kuti mune mamwe mamiriro kuwanda kwemhinduro kunowanzo taurwa panzvimbo pekusungwa.
Iko kushandiswa kwehuwandu hakuite zvakanyanya, uye inowanzoiswa kumhinduro dzakafara kwazvo, pamwe nemamwe matafura ekushandurwa kwehuwandu kuhutu (kuisa pfungwa) kunogona kutaurwa kunyangwe hunyanzvi uhu husisashandiswe zvakanyanya.
Tsanangudzo dzezvikamu zvinoshandiswa mune izvi maitiro
Izvo zvikamu zvakajairika zvinogona kushandiswa kuita zvimwe zvezviitwa kuti uone kusanganiswa kwemhinduro ndeidzo dzemass-mass, vhoriyamu-vhoriyamu uye huwandu-vhoriyamu, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwayo.
Vhoriyumu-vhoriyamu muzana
Nezvo izvi zvinokwanisika kuziva uye kuratidza huwandu hwesolute vhoriyamu inogona kuvapo kune ese zana zana mavhoriyamu emhinduro, iro vhoriyamu chinhu chakakosha paramende mumhando iyi yemhinduro, nekuti izvi zvinowanzo kuve zvine mvura kana gasi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunoreva huwandu hwese hwehuwandu hwemhinduro.
Massa-mashoma muzana
Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zviri nyore, sezvo muzana iri richida kuratidza huwandu hwesolute, pamazana ese masuniti mumhinduro, kuti unzwisise zvirinani, kana ukaisa magiramu makumi maviri emunyu mumagiramu makumi matatu emvura, unowana makumi maviri. % yeuwandu hwese hwesolute mumhinduro.
Misa-vhoriyamu muzana
Mune iri muzana, zvinhu zvaro zvinogona kushandiswa kuwana mhedzisiro yekuti kuwanda kwemhinduro kungave chii, kunyangwe zvisina kukurudzirwa zvakanyanya kupindirana nemaitiro, nekuti kazhinji kacho kunokonzera kuvhiringidzika kune vanoita.
Iko kusungirirwa (hunyoro) ihwo huremu hwe solute, hwakakamurwa nevhoriyamu yemhinduro pamazana emayuniti, nepo huwandu hwayo iri vhoriyamu yemhinduro yakakamurwa nehukuru hwayo, kune iyi nzira yemaitiro ayo anowanzo kuratidzwa mumagiramu pamamirilita ( g / ml)
Kuti ugone kuita kuverenga kweaya maperesenti nemazvo, tsananguro mbiri dzinotevera dzinofanirwa kutariswa, kuti uwane hutungamiri hwakakwana kana hushoma.
- Mutemo wevatatu uchagara uchishandiswa sechishandiso chikuru kuita kuwanda kwehuwandu hwambotaurwa.
- Muzviitiko zvese huwandu hwehuwandu hwechisanganiswa pamwe nehuremu hwenyonganiso hwakaenzana nehuremu hwemhinduro, izvi zvinoreva kuti mhinduro yacho yakaenzana neuwandu hwesolute nechainyungudutswa.
Zvakajairika
Izvi zvinomiririrwa nemutsamba N uye zvinotsanangurwa sehuwandu hwezviyereso zvakaenzana, pakati peiyo vhoriyamu yemhinduro mumalita, kumiririra zvakaenzana mavara anoshandiswa eq-g, iyo sarute chirevo, apo marita achishandiswa. inomiririrwa graphic ine capital L.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuvepo kweRedox Normality, iyo inowanzo shandiswa seyakaitika kune antioxidant kana inoderedza mumiriri.
Molarity
Inozivikanwa se kutaridzika kwemolar Inomiririrwa zvakajeka neguta guru M, rinotsanangurwa sekumisikidzwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa kwetarenda rega rega remhinduro.
Iyi ndiyo nzira yakajairika mumakemikari ayo anoshandiswa kuona kuwanda kwezvinhu, uye kunyanya kana uchishanda nehukama hwe stoichiometric nekuita kwemakemikari, kunyangwe hazvo dambudziko richiwanzo kuwanikwa mukati meiyi nzira, inova tembiricha inoiswa kuzvinhu, izvo zvinowanzo garoitika.
Chimiro
Izvi zvinozivikanwa seMolecular mass kana kupfuura nehunyanzvi sehuremu-fomura-gramu nhamba iyo inogona kuwanikwa ine mhinduro, izvi zvinowanzo fananidzirwa nemifananidzo nezviratidzo g7PFG.
Uye sekupedzisira kweizvi tine Molality, iyo, sekuzivikanwa kwazviri, ndiyo nhamba yemamoles esolute iyo kirogiramu yega yega solvent irimo.
Zvakanaka kwazvo ruzivo rwese