Tisati tatsanangura nhengo yemuviri wemuviri nemazita akakodzera esainzi, zvinodikanwa kuti uve wakajeka nezvechirevo chaunopihwa, zvakakosha kuti uzive kupi uye nei ichidanwa nenzira inoenderana uye kuti izwi iri rinorevei . Munyaya inotevera tine thalamus. Iri izwi rinotangira muchiLatin thalamus, uye izvi zvichizobva muchiGiriki chekare. Inzvimbo yemuchato, yekurara, mubhedha wevakadzi.
Nekudaro tinoona kuti kwakatangira izwi iri kuri mutsika dzechiGiriki chekare. Mazhinji emashoko ekare aya anonzi yekare kudzoreredzwa, kureva kuti, aya mazwi akashandiswa makare-kare (XNUMXth century BC kusvika XNUMXth century AD) asi iyo murima nzira yeMiddle Ages yakarasika uye yakabatanidzwazve mumazwi esainzi panguva yeRenaissance, panguva iyo akarasika echinyakare echiGiriki nechiLatin zvinyorwa zvinonunurwa
Chii chinonzi thalamus?
Iwo ekutanga mareferenzi ekurapa ezwi rekuti thalamus akateedzerwa kumashure kumagwaro kubva muna 1664 achitaura nezvemitsipa yemaziso; zvakare muzvinyorwa kubva mugore 1756. Zvisinei, ngano Hippocrates, (wezana ramakore rechishanu BC) naGalen (Pergamo, yanhasi Turkey, 129-216) vakashandisa izwi iri kuti vazive huronyo hwemuropi, kureva kune inonzi optic thalamus.
Pane zvimwe zvinongedzo zvinobatanidza izwi irikana nechitendero, ndiyo nzvimbo yemashiripiti mutembere. Zvakare mubhodani inoonekwa sechikamu cheruva. Uye mune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekufananidzira zveizwi zvinowanda.
Iyo thalamus inhengo iripo muchirongwa chehuropi hwehutongi hwemhuka, pamwe nemisiyano yayo dzakasiyana kubva kune imwe mhando kune imwe Ikozvino, mune yekongiri mamiriro ezvinhu ehunhu hwevanhu, yakakosha dunhu rehuropi inonzi thalamus. Inoita chimiro chakakura chiri pakati pehuropi, ine zvikamu zviviri zvakakura zvehorovhosi izvo zvinoita basa rakakosha mukusefa kwekunzwa, izvi zvivakwa zviviri zvakabatana nehukama hwepakati.
Iyo thalamus futi yakakamurwa kuita makumi masere makumi mapfumbamwe neuronal nuclei. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare sechikamu chakakosha che diencephalon. Iyo yekupedzisira inowanikwa mucerebral cortex uye yekumusoro chikamu chehuropi hunde, ichigara mune ese lobes ehuropi. Iyo diencephalon inoumbwa neiyo thalamus, iyo hypothalamus (iri pasi pekutanga) uye zvimwe zvidiki zvikamu.
Maitiro
Nechimiro, matatu marudzi enuclei anogona kurondedzerwa mune ino neuronal kuwanda kwehuropi grey mashoma:
- Chaicho chekubatanidza cores. Izvo zvinotumira data rekunzwa kunzvimbo dzakananga dzecerebral cortex nyanzvi mukugadzirisa iyo data inosvika mune yakatarwa nzira.
- Nonspecific yekubatanidza nuclei. Ivo vanotumira ruzivo kunzvimbo dzakakura kwazvo dzecerebral cortex pasina kumisikidza kusiyanisa kana kusarura kwerumwe rudzi.
- Sangano nuclei. Inoita dunhu reruzivo iro rinobatanidza iyo cerebral cortex ine subcortical zvimiro.
Zvinogona kutaurwa nezvenzvimbo dzetalamic idzo dzinogona zvakare kupatsanurwa kuti dzidzidze:
- Ndima yapfuura: anterior nucleus (NA)
- Ventral ndima: anterior ventral nucleus (VA), lateral ventral nucleus (VL), posterior ventral nucleus (VP): ventral posteromedial (VPM) uye ventral posterolateral (VPL)
- Ndima yekumashure: pulvinar uye geniculate (medial uye lateral)
- Nharaunda yepakati: medianodorsal nucleus (MD), centromedial nucleus (CM)
- Ndima yekumashure: dorsal lateral nucleus (LD), posterior lateral nucleus (LP)
- Dzimwe ndima: intralaminar nuclei (iri pakati medullary lamina),
- Thalamic reticular nuclei (vanozorora pane weft yemicheka yakakomberedza iyo thalamus).
Neurons
Tichienda mune yeuronal tsanangudzo tinoona kuti iyo thalamus mubatanidzwa wezvakawanda zvinotsiva zvine hunyanzvi mabasa, ese ari, mupfupi, mauroni uye glial maseru. Kunge chero chimwe chikamu cheuropi, iyo thalamus ndeyechokwadi chete kana yakabatana nedzimwe nzvimbo yehurongwa hwemitsipa, uye izvi zvinoratidzwa mumhando yetsinga dzinozvinyora.
Mhando dzeeuroni mune thalamus dzinotevera
- Interneurons emunharaunda. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvine chekuita nekuita iro ruzivo runosvika kubva kune zvimwe zvikamu zvehurongwa hwemitsipa hwakagadziriswa mu thalamus, ichichishandura kuita nhevedzano nyowani yedata. Naizvozvo, basa rayo guru nderekutumira tsinga dzeshungu kune mamwe ma interneuron ari mu thalamus. Ivo vanoumba makumi maviri neshanu muzana emitsipa mune thalamus.
- Kufungidzira neurons. Aya ane basa rekutumira ruzivo kumucheto kwetalamus, kwakanangana necerebral cortex. Ivo vanoumba 75% ye thalamic neurons.
Thalamus inoshanda
Iwo ekutanga mashandiro eiyo thalamus ndeaya anotevera: pakutanga, iri basa rekubatanidza rwese ruzivo rwekunzwa rwakanongedzwa kune cerebral cortex. Kubva ipapo inotora chinzvimbo chinotakurisa, ichiparadzira ruzivo rwakawanda rwunosvika pachikamu ichocho cheuropi, kunze kwekubatanidza zvese zvinonzwisisika, zvichigonesa kana kudzivirira kufungidzira kune mamwe malobes kana mamwe masaiti.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti utarise kukosha kweiyo thalamus yekuchengetwa kwecortical chiitiko. Usakanganwa kuti zvakare iri basa rekufambisa ruzivo kubva kucerebellum uye iyo striatum kune iyo cerebral cortex.
Aya maviri ndiwo nzvimbo dzinoteedzera nzira dzinodzika dzemotokari dzecerebral cortex. Muchidimbu, inenge yese sensory mota ruzivo inofamba iyo thalamus isati yasvika kwairi kuenda, cortex. Iyo zvakare inogadzirisa kurara, kusvinura, uye kumuka.
Thalamic zvokurwara
Kuziva ipapo mabasa atinogona kuona kukuvara kana kufarira kune thalamus. Kukuvara kana tsaona kune thalamus zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwe: neoplasms, degenerative kukuvara, ischemia, kukuvara kubva pakubuda ropa, kushungurudzika.
Zvidzidzo zvehutachiona zvemhedzisiro yetalamic maronda anobata neanorimimotor, cerebellar, bilateral oculomotor kusagadzikana uye kuora mwoyo. Kukanganiswa mukutaura uye ndangariro, kuvhiringidzika mukutarisa, uye hemineglect zvinoratidzika. Zvipembenene kuruboshwe thalamus zvinoratidzwa mukati kukanganisa mutauro, Kusiyana neizvi, kukuvara kune kurudyi thalamus kunogadzira zvikanganiso senge mota kusada uye kuruboshwe hemiinattention. Zvino, maronda etalamic haawanzo kuva nemhedzisiro mukuchinja kwekuziva, muzviitiko zvakawanda kana zvichioneka kazhinji ivo vanopfuura. Bilateral thalamic chirwere ndicho chinokonzera mutism uye dementia.
Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zve thalamic kukuvara ndezvi:
- Kunzwa kurasikirwa: Kukuvadza kune ventral posteromedial uye posterolateral nuclei (VPL neLP) inokonzeresa kurasikirwa kwese kwese kwese kwekunzwa, kusanganisira kubata kwakanaka, kubata kwenzvimbo uye kusarura, uye mhasuru uye kubatana kwekubatana kune rimwe divi remuviri.
- Thalamic kurwadziwa: Mushure mekukuvara kwetalamic, manzwiro mazhinji anodudzirwa senge zvinonzwisisika uye kurwadziwa kwakanyanya kunoitika kune rakatarisana nemuviri, mukupindura zvinokatyamadza.
- Kufamba kusingaite kusazvibata: Choreoathetosis ine ataxia inogona kuitika. Ataxia inogona kusimuka semhedzisiro yekurasikirwa nemhasuru kugadzirira uye kubatana kubatana kunokonzerwa nekukuvara.
- Ruoko rweTalamic: Wrist yakadudzwa uye yakachinjika, metacarpophalangeal yakachinjika uye interphalangeal yakatambanudzwa, zvigunwe zvinogona kusimudzwa zvinesimba, asi zvinononoka.
- Pusher murwere: Nekuda kwekukuvara kune iyo VPL uye LP nuclei. Varwere vanosundira kudivi rakakanganiswa vachishandisa chiitiko chekuwedzera pane isina kukanganisika divi.
Thalamic mashandiro anogona kukanganiswa nemazhinji mamiriro. Izvi zvinosanganisira sitiroko, kukuvara, uye mamota. Humwe hutachiona kana hosha izvo kukanganisa thalamus uye chiyero ivo vane muscular dystrophy, chirwere chaParkinson uye Hutchinson. Aya mamiriro ezvinhu anotsanangura mitsara yetsinga iri mu thalamus iyo inoputsa, inokanganisa kana kudzikisira ruzivo irimo.
Kuongorora
Kufungidzira kunokosha kuti uone chero kukuvara kune thalamus. Iyo nyukireya magnetic resonance (NMR) y computed tomography (CT), aya anonyanya kushandiswa pakuongorora zvinyoro zvinyoro zvehuropi.
La Positron Kubuda Tomography (PET) chishandiso chakanakisa chekuongorora. Neaya matatu ekuongororwa, chero mhando yekusagadzikana muchimiro, saizi uye kuwanda kweiyo thalamus izvo zvinoratidza zvekukuvara kana chirwere zvinogona kutorwa.
Thalamic pain syndrome kurapwa
Zviratidzo zvetalamic pain syndrome zvinogona kusimudzira nekufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, kazhinji, iyo syndrome uye kurwadziwa kwakabatana nayo kunoramba kuripo. Naizvozvo, iyo nguva yekurapwa yakareba uye kuyedza uye kukanganisa ndiyo chete nzira yekuenda kunorapwa. Nekuda kwehunhu hwekurwadziwa, marwadzo ekudzora haana kusimba zvakakwana kukonzeresa chero chakakosha uye chechokwadi zororo.
Naizvozvo, zvinodzora marwadzo zvinowanzobatanidzwa nemimwe mishonga. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, uko kurwadziwa kusingatsungiririki, sarudzo dzekugadzirisa dzingave dzakasiyana, senge mapampu ayo akaisirwa akananga musana kumushonga, kuparara kwekuvhiya kwechikamu che thalamus, kana kudzika kwehuropi kukurudzira.
Zvino, izvi kurapwa hazvivimbise mhedzisiro mhedzisiro, izvo zvakawanikwa uye mwero wekusunungurwa wakasiyana kune akasiyana varwere vanorapwa aya marapirwo. Zvakaoma sekurapa kuri kugadzirisawo kuongororwa kwetalamic pain syndrome. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa nachiremba wezveuropi ane ruzivo uyo akatobata varwere vazhinji ve stroke