Igalelo elibalaseleyo lika-Aristotle kwisayensi nakubuntu

Igalelo le Aristotle Baye bazisa utshintsho olukhulu kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo awayefikele kuyo, kuba nangona zazisele zifundiwe okanye zinolwazi oluthile, yayiyile ngcali yesazinzulu, ifilosofi kunye nengcali yeengcali eyabaphanda ngendlela ethe kratya; ngawo akwazi ukwenza ukufumanisa okumangalisayo ngexesha.

Athini amagalelo ka-Aristotle ngokwendawo leyo?

Kwiindawo okanye amasimi apho wayesebenza khona sinokufumana i-astronomy, i-biology, i-physics, i-aesthetics, ifilosofi, ingcinga, i-metaphysics kunye ne-rhetoric. Kwelinye icala, kuyaziwa ukuba le polymath ikwazile ukubhala ngaphezulu kweekhulu elinamanci mahlanu, kodwa kuye kwafunyanwa kuphela amashumi amathathu.

Ingqiqo

Imvelaphi ye "logic" inxulunyaniswa naye, kuba le yayiyeyokuqala ekwenzeni uphando kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuqiqa. Ukongeza, kuyathakazelisa ukuba emva koku kufunyaniswa, inkqubela phambili ayibuyanga umva okanye ibhekise phambili kule ndima kwiminyaka emininzi kamva.

Iimpawu zobungqina

Igalelo eliphambili kwilogic, ukongeza ekufumaneni, yayikukudala imodeli yesyllogism kunye ne-syllogistics ngokubanzi. Ngokutsho kombhali, oku kulandelayo kungabizwa ngokuba sisylogogi:

Intetho apho, kusekwe izinto ezithile, kufanelekile ukuba ziphume kubo, ngokuba yile nto iyiyo, enye into eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, "bonke abantu bayafa" kwaye "onke amaGrike angamadoda", eya kuthi izise njengesiphumo sokuba “ke ngoko, onke amaGrike ayafa".

Ithiyori yokungqinisisa okusebenzayo (syllogistics)

Le ithiyori ivumela ukuqinisekiswa kweempawu zesigaba, ezineefom ezahlukeneyo kodwa zenziwe ngendlela efanayo: kukho isihloko kunye nesivisa; kwangaxeshanye inezindululo ezintathu zodidi (indawo ezimbini kunye nesiphelo esinye).

Iindlela zokuziphatha

Kwimigaqo yokuziphatha bekukho igalelo eliqela lika-Aristotle, elahlulwe laba yimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. I-Ethics yaseNicomachean, i-Eudamia kunye ne-Great Ethics; ezidibeneyo zenza iincwadi ezili-15. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo mphengululi wayecinga ukuba izinto ezenziwa ngabantu zazinokulunga ngokufanayo, oko kukuthi, ukuba nasiphi na isenzo esenziwa ngumntu senziwa ngenjongo ethile elungileyo.

Ifilosofi yezopolitiko

UAristotle, owayekholelwa ngokuthembeka kwizinto ezilungileyo ebantwini, wayila ifilosofi yezopolitiko ngokohlobo lukarhulumente, kuba ngokutsho kwakhe, uRhulumente wayeyinxalenye yabantu ababenqwenela ukulungelwa komntu wonke; Ke ngoko, ngokwemisebenzi yabo, kunokubakho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zikaRhulumente ngokukhangela kokulungileyo.

Oorhulumente bezopolitiko abafuna ukulungelwa ngabemi babo babizwa ngokuba yintando yesininzi (ukuba baninzi abalawulayo), ubukhosi (ukuba bambalwa abalawulayo) kunye nobukumkani (ukuba kulawula omnye kuphela); Ngelixa abo bangakufuniyo okuhle babizwa ngokuba nguzwilakhe (ukuba mnye kuphela olawulayo), idemagoguery (urhwaphilizo lwentando yesininzi) kunye ne-oligarchy (ukuthotywa kwesidwangube).

IiSayensi

Igalelo lika-Aristotle kwiinzululwazi ezahlukeneyo beluluncedo olukhulu kuphuhliso lwabo, njengakwisayensi yeenkwenkwezi, ibhayoloji, ibhotani kunye nezilwanyana.

• Kwifizikiki wenza igalelo ithiyori yezinto ezintlanu (amanzi, umhlaba, umoya, umlilo kunye ne-ether), echaza imvelaphi yeziganeko eziqwalaselweyo ngelo xesha. Oku bekusebenza de inguquko yesayensi iqale umbulelo ku iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei.
• Kwisayensi yeenkwenkwezi, kwelinye icala, ithiyori yokuma komhlaba ichaze indlela umhlaba osembindini wendalo iphela kwaye uhlala umile. Nangona kunjalo, yayisebenza kuphela de kwafika ithiyori yeCopernican kwaye kamva ukuphikisa kukaGalileo.
• Kwi-biology, oku kuthathwa njengoyise wesayensi; okoko wabhala malunga nenani elikhulu leentlobo ngeentlobo, njengokuziphatha kwabo, ubukrelekrele, ukwakheka kunye nokuzala.

Ibhotani kunye neZoology

Kwicandelo lezityalo, uAristotle Ubukumkani bezityalo bahlelwa kwizityalo ezineentyatyambo kunye nezo zazingenazo.

Kwelakhe icala, kwizifundo zezilwanyana inzululwazi yafunda ngezilwanyana nakwibhayoloji; Kuphela ukuba ngoku ngokwezifundo, ikwazile ukuwahlulahlula kwii-invertebrates kunye ne-vertebrate (ngokungabinagazi kunye negazi).

Ukongeza, olu didi lwalunezahlulo, nezilwanyana ezingenagazi iimollusks, i-eutoma, ii-ostracoderms kunye ne-malacostraceans; ngelixa izilwanyana ezinegazi zazingabo viviparous and oviparous fish, iintaka, iiwele ezine.

Igalelo lika-Aristotle lalibaluleke ngokwenene kuphuhliso lwazo zonke iinkalo awayezibandakanya, ke ngaphandle kwakhe, kungenzeka ukuba iziphumo zaziza kuba mva okanye ngekhe sibe nolwazi uluntu olunalo namhlanje.