Ababhali abangama-28 abamele kakhulu ezothando

"I-Romanticism" ithathwa njengenhlangano yamasiko eyenzeka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX e-United Kingdom nase-Germany, eyayinenhloso yokulwa neoclassicism kanye ne-rationalism eyayimiselwe ukubonakaliswa kobuciko, ukuze beka phambili imizwa ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye.

Le nhlangano ayibanga nemiphumela emikhulu kuphela kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, kepha futhi yafinyelela ezwenikazi laseMelika lapho yamukelwa ngezandla ezimhlophe futhi yamukelwa ngabaculi abaningi bezincwadi, ukudweba kanye nomculo wangaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, kukhona inani elikhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene abalobi romanticism.

Ukunyakaza okubhaliwe kwe-Romanticism

Kungashiwo ukuthi lokho okubizwa nge-Romanticism kuyinto ukunyakaza kwamasiko. Kuvele okokuqala ngqa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ukuze kwehlukane nalokho okushiwo yiNeoclassicism futhi kukhethwe ukuzivikela emizweni nasekucabangeni.

Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa lavela okokuqala eNgilandi, yize lihunyushwa njengento engekho ngokoqobo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eJalimane lahunyushwa njengelenkathi ephakathi. Izwe ngalinye lalinikeza incazelo ethile kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi naphezu kokwehluka ekuqaleni, kwakuyinhlangano yokuqala yamasiko eyahlasela iYurophu yonke. Ivela eFrance, kanye naseSpain, eJalimane noma e-United Kingdom ye phula ngemibono esunguliwe futhi ufune inkululeko.

Kuthiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-Romanticism ingachazwa njengaleyo ndlela yokuzwa ngendlela eqonde kakhulu, ngokwakho noma emvelweni. Ukuthuthuka kwayo eSpain kwaba ngemuva kwesikhashana futhi kufushane, kepha kukhulu. I-apogee yayo enkulu yayiphakathi kweminyaka ye-1800 ne-1850.

Izici zothando:

• Bavikele inkululeko kanye nomsebenzi ongakaqedwa noma ongaphelele.
• Kwakunenani elikhulu lalowo mbono elalihlukile kunelingejwayelekile.
• Ubuciko babusa ngaphambi kokulingiswa.
• Kugcizelela ubuqu nokuzimela.
• Emisebenzini leyo mizwa ebheke kokungaqondakali noma encibilikayo izobonwa.
• Ingqondo yezothando izogwema umphakathi ahlala kuwo.

Yini abalobi bezothando?

UGustavo Adolfo Becquer

Imbongi nomxoxi wezindaba owazalelwa eSpain ngoFebhuwari 17, 1836 futhi owabulawa yisifo sofuba ngoDisemba 22, 1870. Uyise wayengumdwebi (uJosé Domínguez Insausti) nonina uJoaquina Bastida Vargas.

UGustavo wayaziwa empilweni, kodwa kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe lapho imisebenzi yakhe yaduma khona. Phakathi kwalabo abavelele kukhona labo abatholakala ku- "AmaRhymes nezinganekwane”, Njengoba kuyizinto zokutadisha izincwadi ezikhuluma iSpanishi.

Yize ayengumbhali wempumelelo ethile empilweni, ngaphandle kokungabaza, konke ukuhlonishwa kwakhe okukhulu kwavela ngemuva kokufa kwakhe. Umsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu ngu 'Imilolotelo Nezinganekwane'. Kuyisethi yezindaba ezihlangane ukunikeza impilo kwenye yezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zemibhalo yethu. Kusukela esemncane kakhulu, wakhetha ukudweba njengomfowabo. Wayeyintandane esemncane kakhulu wayohlala no-anti. Yize leli qiniso lalizobeka ubuntu bakhe obulokhu buvame ukungabi nathemba. Izinganekwane, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini nezinye izindatshana kuzohlala njalo kwimemori yomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Imishwana engama-30 kaGustavo Adolfo Bécquer ezokwenza uzizwe ukhethekile

UJose de Espronceda

Imbongi yaseSpain yathatha njengommeleli omkhulu wesikhathi sobuRoma eSpain. Wazalwa ngoMashi 25, 1808 futhi ushone eneminyaka engama-34 ngo-1842 evela kwi-diphtheria. Uthisha wakhe wayeyimbongi eyaziwayo u-Alberto Lista.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe sithola inoveli engaphelele ethi "El Palayo" nenye inoveli ebizwa nge- "Sancho Saldaña". Noma kunjalo, izinkondlo zakhe zaba nomthelela omkhulu ngemuva kokwethula ivolumu ngo-1840 lapho kwakwenziwa khona izingqikithi ezijwayelekile zothando; okuvelele kakhulu yi "The Student from Salamanca" kanye "El Diablo Mundo", kanye ne- "Canto a Teresa" kanye ne- "Canción del pirata".

UMariano José de Larra

Ungomunye wababhali abavelele baseSpain bezothando, kanye noBécquer no-Espronceda. Wazalwa ngo-1809 futhi washona ngo-1837, okwakungumbhali, usopolitiki kanye nentatheli. Imisebenzi kaMariano José de Larra yile:

• Macias.
• Idoncel kaDon Enrique Osizi.
• Bala uFernán González nokukhululwa kukaCastilla.

Ubhale ama-athikili angaphezu kwama-200, ngaleyo ndlela ethuthukisa uhlobo lwe-eseyi. Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi futhi wayeshicilela ngaphansi kwamabizo-mbumbulu afana no: I-Figaro, iDuende noma iBachelor. ISpain ibizoba i-axis esemqoka yomsebenzi wakhe, ngendlela ehlekisayo. Kanye no-Espronceda noma uBécquer, ungomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu ku-Romanticism.

Nkosi bryron

Omunye wababhali abamelele kakhulu wesimanjemanje emhlabeni wonke nakwezamasiko esiNgisi, kwazise uyimbongi eyiNgisi, ngaphandle kwezinkondlo ezifundiswayo, naye wayebhekwa njengosaziwayo ngesikhathi sakhe ngenxa yokuheha nobuntu bakhe. Wazalwa ngo-1788 eLondon futhi washona eGrisi ngo-1824.

Wayengumbhali wenani elikhulu lemisebenzi, njenge Amahora Angasebenzi, Umlobokazi we-Abydos, iGiaour, uLara, i-Hebrew Melodies, Ukuvinjezelwa kweKorinte, uKayini, Ubudala Bethusi, uDon Juan, phakathi kwabanye.

Victor Hugo

UVictor Hugo ungomunye we izimbongi ezaziwa kakhulu, ababhali bezincwadi zamanoveli nababhali bokudlalayo bangaleso sikhathiUVictor, odabuka eFrance, wazalwa ngo-1802 eParis futhi washona ngo-1885 kulo lelo dolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebuye abe ngusopolitiki nomlingiswa owayenethonya ngaleso sikhathi.

Imisebenzi yakhe ihluke kakhulu ngenxa yazo zonke izindawo lapho umculi athuthukise khona, njenge:

Njengombhali wamanoveli washicilela imisebenzi eyisishiyagalolunye (njenge I-Bug-Jargal, Amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nantathu, uMama wethu waseParis, Abasebenzi baseLwandle noMuntu Ohlekayo); ngenkathi eyimbongi washicilela imisebenzi engaphezu kwengu-15, enjengokuthi "Ithuna ne-rose" nokuthi "Ngubani othanda akaphili."

UJohann Wolfgang von Goethe

UJohann wayengumbhali wemidlalo yokudlala, umbhali wamanoveli, imbongi nososayensi owazalelwa eJalimane ngo-1749, owabulawa yisifo senhliziyo eneminyaka engama-82 ngo-1832. omele inhlangano yezothando kanye neJalimane, njengoba umzimba ophethe ukudlulisa isiko lalelo lizwe emhlabeni jikelele, uthatha isibongo uGoethe njengegama laso.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebenzi yakhe yaba ugqozi kwabanye abaculi abaningi. Phakathi kwabo, omunye ovelele kakhulu ngu "Wilhelm Meister", yize kungenzeka futhi ukuthola abanye abaningi abanjengo "Faust" no "Poetry and Truth"; ngenkathi futhi engumbhali we "Theory of Colors."

UJorge Isaacs

Umbhali wenoveli nomlobi waseColombia, owazalwa ngo-1837 futhi wabulawa ngumalaleveva ngo-1895 ababhali bezintandokazi zaseLatin American, owashicilela izincwadi ezimbili ezamenza waduma. Eyokuqala yincwadi yezinkondlo eyashicilelwa ngo-1864; kanti owesibili uyinoveli María, ayishicilela ngo-1867 futhi enezinguqulo ngezilimi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu.

U-Esteban Echeverria

Futhi omunye wababhali baseLatin American wale nhlangano. U-Esteban Echeverría wayengu- Imbongi nombhali wase-Argentina owazalwa ngo-1805, owabulawa yi-Leukemia ngo-1851. Lokhu kwakuyingxenye ye "Generation of 37" eyaziwa kakhulu.

Imisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko "Isilaha"(Indaba yokuqala yase-Argentina lapho kusetshenziswa khona ubuqiniso),"I-Socialism Dogma"(Yakha umthethosisekelo ka-1853) kanye"Othunjiwe".

UMary Shelley

Waziwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yeminikelo yakhe njengesazi sefilosofi saseBrithani, umbhali wemidlalo yokudlala, umbalisi wezindaba nombhali wezindaba. Wazalelwa eLondon ngo-1791 futhi washona ngo-1851 ngesimila ebuchosheni.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe emihle kakhulu ukuthola Izinkondlo zikaPercy Bysshe Shelley, uFalkner, uLodore, Umuntu Wokugcina, Izinkondlo Ezithumile ZikaPercy Bysshe Shelley, Mathilda, phakathi kwabanye.

UJose Marble

Futhi phakathi kwabantu baseLatin America sithola umbhali omele njengoJosé Mármol, waseArgentina owazalwa ngo-1817 futhi owafa ngo-1871, owayengusopolitiki, umbalisi, intatheli futhi eyimbongi yangaleso sikhathi futhi engowenhlangano.

I-Las imisebenzi yothando Izincwadi zikaJosé ezivelele kakhulu yilezi: njengembongi, incwadi ethi “Cantos del peregrino” ne- “Poesías” noma i- “Harmonías”; ngenkathi eseshashalazini wagqama ngo- "El cruzado" no- "El poeta".

Alexandre Dumas

Waziwa nangokuthi u-Alexander Dumas, ungumbhali wemidlalo yokudlala futhi ungumbhali wamanoveli odabuka eFrance, owazalwa ngo-1802 futhi washona ngo-1870 ngenxa yesifo sohlangothi. Imisebenzi yakhe ihluke kakhulu njengoba enza ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ezinjenge amafushane, amanoveli ezingane, okwethusayo, omlando, phakathi kwabanye.

Singakhetha phakathi kwabo bonke "Umphefumulo ongakazalwa", "Uhambo oluya eNyangeni", "INkosi yaseBowling", "Abaculi abathathu", "I-Count of Montecristo", "I-Count of Hermann" ne "Cristina ”.

UGiacomo Leopardi

Ungomunye wababhali abahamba phambili kwezothando e-Italy, owazalelwa kuleyo ndawo ngo-1798 futhi wabulawa yikholera ngo-1837 eneminyaka engama-38. UGiacomo wasebenza njengesazi sefilosofi, isazi, imbongi kanye nesazi semilingo.

Umsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu ezinkondlweni kwakuyincwadi ethi "Canzoni" eyashicilelwa ngo-1824; yize ukuhlanganiswa kwesibili kwenkondlo yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi "iVersi", eyashicilelwa ngo-1826, nakho kugqamile.

USamuel Taylor Coleridge

NjengoLord Bryan noWilliam Wordsworth, uSamuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) ungomunye wabaculi abamele kakhulu imibhalo eNgilandi ngenkathi yamaRoma nanamuhla; okwakungumgxeki, imbongi, isazi sefilosofi nomngani omkhulu kaMamesworth.

Ezinkondlweni wayegqame nge "Lyrical Ballands", okuyiyo "INightingale"Futhi" Rhyme yetilosi elidala. " Futhi uChristabel kanye "nezinkondlo zengxoxo"; ngenkathi futhi evelele kwezinye izinhlobo ezinjengethiyetha, iprozi kanye nomsebenzi obizwa nge- "Biographia literaria" lapho akhombisa khona amakhono akhe emagatsheni ahlukene.

UFrançois-René de Chateaubriand

I-diplomat, umbhali kanye nosopolitiki odabuka eFrance owazalwa ngo-1768 futhi washona ngo-1848, okwakunguViscount of Chateaubriand. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ungomunye wabasunguli bale nhlangano eFrance, okumbeka phakathi kwababhali abahamba phambili kwezothando.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe siyathola I-Atalá, iRené, i-Les Martyrs, i-Essai sur les revolutions, iMemoires d'outr-tombe neVie de Rancé.

UWalter Scott

Umbhali nomlobi waseScotland owaziwa ngegalelo lakhe kwi iBritish romanticism, ebuye yakwazi ukwazisa imisebenzi yakhe ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela yathola ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke; okuthile okungajwayelekile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.

Yize yayithandwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo, namuhla akuyona enye yezona ezaziwa kakhulu, kepha isenazo izinto zakudala ezingenakwenzeka ukukhohlwa. Phakathi kwabo siyathola Inhliziyo kaMidlothian ó Ivanhoe, isibonelo.

UWilliam Wordsworth

Ngaphandle kokuba ngomunye wababhali abaziwa kakhulu bale nhlangano, igalelo lakhe elikhulu belikuhlobo lwezinkondlo; isizathu sokuthi kungani kubhekwa njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezimele izimbongi zothando lwesiNgisi. UWilliam Wordsworth wazalwa ngo-1770 futhi wadlula emhlabeni ngo-1850 eneminyaka engama-80.

Imisebenzi yakhe igqama ngezici ezithile, njengomongo, abalingiswa, izingqikithi, ulimi, phakathi kokunye; okungabonakala emisebenzini yakhe ethandwa kakhulu njenge UMvuni Wedwa, Isandulela, Ngazula Nginesizungu Njengefu, Amatafula Ajika nezinye eziningi.

William Blake

Kwakumayelana nomdwebi nembongi oyiNgisi owazalelwa eLondon ngo-1757 futhi washona ngo-1827, okwakungaziwa ngesikhathi sakhe kodwa okwathi eminyakeni edlule kwahlonishwa kakhulu; kucatshangelwa namuhla phakathi kwabaculi baseBrithani abahamba phambili.

Imisebenzi yakhe yezinkondlo yayijwayele ukufanekiswa, eyayingamniki ukuqashelwa okumfanele; kuze kube namuhla singakwazi ukuhlanganisa bobabili ubuciko ukuze siqonde futhi sithokozele imisebenzi yakhe ngamehlo ahlukile. Phakathi kwezincwadi zakhe ezikhanyayo sithola Zonke Izinkolo Zimunye, phakathi kokungakhanyisiwe kukhona "Imidwebo Yezinkondlo"Futhi ekugcineni, kuleyo eboniswayo sithola"Imicabango yasebusuku", Eyabhalwa ngu-Edward Young.

Oscar zasendle

Imbongi yase-Ireland, umbhali nombhali wemidlalo yokudlala, owazalwa ngo-1854 futhi washona ngo-1900 eneminyaka engama-46. Usebenzise i- izinsika zothando ukuhambela amanye amagatsha, njengobuhle; Ngaphandle kwalokho, ubephethe nokuphila okumbaxa-mbili ngenxa yokuthanda kwakhe ezocansi.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe evelele sithola inoveli yomlando edumile ethi "The portrait of Dorian Gray", "Ukubaluleka kokubizwa ngo-Ernesto" kanye no "The Ideal Husband", kanye nezincwadi zakhe zakamuva "De Profundis" kanye "The Balld of Reading", ebibhala ejele.

John Keats

Wazalelwa eLondon ngo-1795 futhi washonela eRoma ngo-1821, okwakuyimbongi yaseBrithani ongomunye wababhali ababamele kakhulu abezothando. Yize ephila iminyaka engama-25 kuphela, wanikela kakhulu imisebenzi ebalulekile yezincwadi zesiNgisi, lapho abhala khona okuhle kakhulu ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe ebulawa yisifo sofuba.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe sithola i- "Endymion: a poetic romance", "Hyperion", "The Shining Star", "Lamia nezinye izinkondlo", phakathi kwezinye.

Edgar Allan Poe

Omunye wabalobi abaziwa kakhulu nabathandwayo bezothando. U-Edgar Allan umbhali wayengumlobi waseMelika, umgxeki, imbongi nentatheli. Idume ngeminikelo yakhe ezindabeni ezimfushane, amanoveli ama-gothic, izindaba ezethusayo nezindaba zabaseshi.

Imisebenzi yakhe yehlukene impela, phakathi kwayo kukhona Ikati elimnyama, Umthombo, i-pendulum, ubugebengu be-Rue Morge, isithombe se-oval, Inhliziyo yokuxoxa, phakathi kwabanye.

Emily Bronte

Umbhali waseBrithani (1818-1848) wahlonishwa ngomsebenzi wakhe i- "Wuthering Heights", okuyingxenye yezincwadi zakudala zesiNgisi. Wayesebenzisa amagama mbumbulu nodadewabo ukufihla ubulili babo, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthi abesifazane babone umsebenzi wabo.

Friedrich Schiller

Isazi sefilosofi, umbhali wemidlalo yokudlala, imbongi, nesazi-mlando owazalelwa eJalimane ngo-1759, owabulawa yisifo sofuba ngo-1805 eneminyaka engama-45. Ngenye ye- ababhali bokudlala abadumile ezweni kanye nenhlangano yamaRoma, njengoGoethe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinkondlo zakhe ziphakathi kwezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni.

Imisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa amadrama afana no "Kabale und Liebe", imisebenzi emincane efana ne- "Resignation" nemibhalo yefilosofi efana ne- "Anmut und Würde".

Alessandro Manzoni

Umlandi kanye nembongi owazalelwa e-Italy ngo-1785, owashona ezweni elifanayo eneminyaka engama-88 ngo-1873 ngenxa yesifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga. Lokhu kungenye yezincwadi ezaziwa kakhulu e-Italy, ngenxa yenye yamanoveli akhe

zomlando "Umakoti nomkhwenyana."

Jane Austen

Umbhali wamanoveli waseBrithani owazalwa ngo-1775 noSteventon, owabulawa yisifo sofuba ngo-1817.

Phakathi kwamanoveli akhe avelele sithola i- "Pride and Prejudice", "Emma" kanye ne- "Sense and Sensibility"; ngenkathi eminye imisebenzi efana ne- "Lady Susan" noma i- "Los Watson" ithole udumo.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enye yezinto eziphambili abalobi be-preromanticism, owazalwa ngo-1712 futhi washona ngo-1778 eneminyaka engama-66. Wayengumfundisi waseSwitzerland, umculi, isazi sezitshalo, umbhali nesazi semvelo.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko yokubhala sithola "Inkontileka yezenhlalo", "Ingxoxo ngemvelaphi yokungalingani phakathi kwamadoda", "uJulia noma i-Eloisa entsha" kanye no "Emilio, noma iMfundo".

UHeinrich Heine

Wazalelwa eParis ngo-1797 futhi washona ngo-1856. Wayebhekwa njengenye yezimbongi ezibaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Mhlawumbe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngoba kuthiwa wayeyimbongi yokugcina yezothando. Wayephumelela kakhulu ngeyakhe 'Incwadi yezingoma'.

Ngesikhathi sokuphila komlobi, wahlangana nezinhlelo eziphelele eziyi-12. Kuthiwa ngemuva kwakhe, wanikeza i-lyric enolimi olungokoqobo. Impilo yakhe ibizinikele nakwezombusazwe, ubuntatheli kanye nama-eseyi. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngaphandle komsebenzi wakhe, kuthiwa wayephila impilo yokuba nesizungu.

UNovalis 

Elinye igama okumele futhi kushiwo ngalo nguNovalis. Yimbumbumbumbulu eyamukelwa umbhali, uGeorg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg. Wayengomunye wabamele romanticism zakuqala. Wazalwa ngo-1772 futhi washona ngo-1801. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe singaqhakambisa izingoma ezithi 'Hymns to the night' kanye nezingcezu ezithi 'Polen and Faith and Love'.

Ubuye wabhala i- izinkondlo ezazindikimba yazo kwakuyinkolo futhi washiya imisebenzi embalwa engaphelele kanye nama-eseyi amabili. Izingqikithi azithandayo zazinemvelo njenge-protagonist noma isifundo sezimayini, ngoba umsebenzi wakhe wawugxile ekubeni ngumhloli wezimayini zikasawoti.

U-Alfred de Musset

Wayengumbhali ongumFulentshi owazalwa ngo-1810 futhi washona ngo-1857. Ngaphezu kokuba ngumlobi futhi engowothando, akazange aphuthelwe yisifiso sakhe sokuqeqeshelwa ubudokotela, kanye nokudweba noma umthetho. Kuthiwa ubengomunye wabokuqala ukwenza ubuhle bothando. Izinkondlo zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu yilezi 'URolla Nobusuku Obune'. ILos caprichos de Mariana 'noma' Las castañas del fuego 'nayo ingeminye yemisebenzi yakhe.

Laba kwakungabanye bababhali abaqavile bezithandani zangaleso sikhathi, ababambe iqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezincwadi ngomnikelo wemisebenzi emikhulu njengaleyo eshiwo kulowo nalowo kubo.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko yezothando 

• temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba: UMariano José de Larra onezindatshana zamaphephandaba ezinjengokuthi 'Ukushada maduzane nokubi'. I-'Les miserables 'kaVíctor Hugo nezindaba ezimfishane zika-Edgar Allan Poe ngezinye zezibonelo okufanele uzicabangele njenge' The musketeers ezintathu 'noma' The count of Monte Cristo 'ka-Alecandre Dumas.
• Izinkondlo: UJosé de Espronceda futhi 'Umfundi weSalamanca'. Ithathwa njengenye yezinkondlo ezihamba phambili. Kususelwa kwingqikithi kaDon Juan, lapho kukhulunywa khona ngendaba kaFeliksi no-Elvira. AmaBécquer's 'Rimas' angelinye lamafa amakhulu obuRomaism.
• Ti-eatro (amadrama): Ngaphandle kokungabaza, kufanele sisho uJosé Zorrilla nomsebenzi wakhe 'Don Juan Tenorio'. Ungomunye wababhali bemidlalo ebaluleke kakhulu. Kanye noLarra nomsebenzi wakhe 'iMacías'.

Uma ufuna ukunikela ngokuqukethwe ngombhali noma usho okukodwa esikukhohliwe, ukhululekile ukukwenza lokho ngamazwana. Uma ufisa, ungafunda futhi ezinye ze- izinkondlo zothando omele ngokwengeziwe nokuthi uzothola kusixhumanisi esisanda kukushiya.