Igalelo lika-Aristotle elivelele kakhulu kusayensi nobuntu

Iminikelo ye- I-Aristotle Balethe ushintsho olukhulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene azikhulumile, ngoba yize lokhu bekuvele kufundiwe noma benolwazi oluthile, ngusosayensi, isazi sefilosofi kanye no-logician owabaphenya ngendlela ehleleke kakhudlwana; ngawo akwazi ukwenza ukutholwa okumangazayo ngaleso sikhathi.

Yini iminikelo ka-Aristotle ngokwendawo?

Ezindaweni noma ezinkambeni lapho abesebenza khona singathola i-astronomy, i-biology, i-physics, i-aesthetics, ifilosofi, i-logic, i-metaphysics kanye ne-rhetoric. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyaziwa ukuthi le polymath ikwazile ukubhala izivumelwano ezingaphezu kwekhulu namashumi ayisihlanu, kepha kutholakale ezingamashumi amathathu kuphela.

Ingqondo

Umsuka "we-logic" kuthiwa wenziwe nguye, ngoba lona kwaba ngowokuqala ekwenzeni uphenyo ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokucabanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngemuva kwalokhu kutholakala, intuthuko ayibuyelanga emuva noma phambili kulo mkhakha eminyakeni eminingi kamuva.

Ama-syloglogisms

Umthelela omkhulu kumqondo, ngaphandle kokuwuthola, kwakungukwenza imodeli yama-syllogisms kanye ne-syllogistics ngokujwayelekile. Ngokusho kombhali, okulandelayo kungabizwa nge-syllogism:

Inkulumo lapho, isungule izinto ezithile, empeleni ivela kubo, ngoba bayilokhu abayikho, okunye okuhlukile. Isibonelo, "bonke abantu bayafa" futhi "wonke amaGreki angamadoda", okungaletha njengomphumela wokuthi “ngakho-ke, wonke amaGrikhi ayafa".

Umbono we-inference evumelekile (syllogistics)

Lo mbono uvumela ukuqinisekisa ama-syllogisms ngokwezigaba, anezindlela ezahlukahlukene kepha akhiwe ngesakhiwo esifanayo: kunesihloko nesilandiso; ngasikhathi sinye futhi inezincomo ezintathu ezihlukanisiwe (izakhiwo ezimbili nesiphetho esingu-2).

Izimilo

Kwezokuziphatha kwakukhona neminikelo eminingana eyenziwe ngu-Aristotle, ehlukaniswe ngemisebenzi ehlukene. I-Nicomachean Ethics, i-Eudamia ne-Great Ethics; ezihlangene zenza izincwadi eziyi-15. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo mcwaningi wayecabanga ukuthi okwenziwa ngabantu kwakufana ngokufanayo, okuwukuthi, noma yisiphi isenzo esenziwa ngumuntu senzelwa okuhle okuthile.

Ifilosofi yezombangazwe

U-Aristotle, ikholwa elithembekile lokuzuzisa bonke abantu, waqamba ifilosofi yezepolitiki ngokohlobo lukahulumeni, ngoba ngokusho kwakhe, uMbuso wawungumphakathi owawufisa ukuzuza bonke abantu; Ngakho-ke, ngokwemisebenzi yabo, kungaba nezinhlobo ezehlukene zoMbuso ngokuseshwa kokuhle.

Imibuso yezepolitiki efuna okuhle kwezakhamuzi zayo ibizwa ngentando yeningi (uma kubusa abaningi), izikhulu (uma zimbalwa ezilawulayo) nobukhosi (uma kubusa oyedwa kuphela); kuyilapho labo abangakufuni okuhle babizwa ngocindezelo (uma kulawula oyedwa kuphela), demagoguery (inkohlakalo yeningi) kanye ne-oligarchy (ukwehliswa kwesikhundla sobukhosi).

Sciences

Iminikelo ka-Aristotle kwezesayensi ezahlukahlukene yaba usizo olukhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwabo, njengaku-astronomy, biology, botany kanye ne-zoology.

• Ku-physics wanikela nge umbono wezinto ezinhlanu (amanzi, umhlaba, umoya, umlilo kanye ne-ether), okuchaza umsuka wezinto ezenzeka ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kwakusebenza kuze kube yilapho inguquko yesayensi iqala ukubonga iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei.
• Ngokwesayensi yezinkanyezi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbono we-geocentric wachaza ukuthi umhlaba waba maphakathi nendawo kanjani futhi uhlala umile. Kodwa-ke, yayisebenza kuphela kuze kufike umbono weCopernican futhi kamuva ukuphikwa nguGalileo.
• Ku-biology, lokhu kubhekwa njengoyise wesayensi; selokhu abhala ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ngokuningiliziwe, njengokuziphatha kwazo, ubuhlakani, ukwakheka komzimba nokuzala.

I-Botany ne-Zoology

Emkhakheni wezitshalo, u-Aristotle wahlukanisa umbuso wezitshalo waba izitshalo ezazinezimbali nalezo ezazingenazo, ngaleyo ndlela kusizakale izazi zezitshalo zakamuva kanye nabacwaningi bemikhakha yemvelo.

Ngokwakhe, kwezilwane usosayensi wafunda ngezilwane nakwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo; lokhu kuphela ngokwezifundo, ekwazile ukuwahlukanisa abe ngama-invertebrate nama-vertebrate (ngokusho kokungabi naligazi nokuchitha igazi).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlu lwalunezingxenye, nezilwane ezingenalo igazi ama-mollusks, i-eutoma, ama-ostracoderms nama-malacostraceans; ngenkathi izilwane ezinegazi zaziyi- izinhlanzi ze-viviparous ne-oviparous, izinyoni, ama-quadrupeed.

Iminikelo ka-Aristotle yayibaluleke ngempela ekuthuthukiseni yonke imikhakha ayihlanganisayo, ngakho-ke ngaphandle kwakhe, mhlawumbe lokho okutholakele bekungaba kamuva noma besingeke sibe nolwazi umphakathi onalo namuhla.