Magnetization or also called magnetization or magnetization, comes to be a process from which the magnetic dipole moments of a material with characteristics determined for it, are aligned. It is a process that is carried out to create magnetic properties to a steel or iron bar, it is simply to transfer the properties of a magnet to an element that receives them, providing it with magnetic properties said material or element, then attracting it to other objects as if it were a magnet
But what is a magnet?
A magnet is a mineral that occurs by combining oxygen with a simple or compound radical in the first degree of oxidation and an iron sesquioxide whose fundamental property is to attract metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, because a magnetic field is created around it.
The material or magnet has two different or opposing magnetic poles, these we would call the north and the south, to call them in a colloquial or popular way and as a consequence of their orientation towards the ends of the planet earth.
Why are Materials attracted?
When the poles of a magnet approach, a kind of automatic repulsion occurs, since the attraction is generated between the opposite poles. These materials, converted into magnets, are usually bar-shaped with the poles at the ends or they can also have a classic horseshoe shape.
This phenomenon of magnetism can take many forms, it can be an electric current in a conductor or particles that move through space, or the movement of an electron in an atomic orbital. The bodies are made up of three particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. Electrons are naturally magnets and it is so, that in bodies these elements are dispersed throughout their extension and can exert their action and effect naturally.
Do all materials have this property?
According to the experiments carried out, most of the materials with which we interact have to a greater or lesser degree the possibility of attracting or having magnetic attraction, of course within this wide range of materials, metals have a greater and effective quota than for example, the one with a plastic material.
There are materials such as iron, cobalt, nickel that have very marked magnetic properties, if we bring these closer to a magnet, we will see that immediately the metal part will join it, that is the simplest demonstration that we can know. All materials have magnetic properties to some degree. By placing matter in an inhomogeneous field, it is attracted or repelled in the direction of the gradient of that field. This property is characterized by the magnetic susceptibility of matter depending on the degree of magnetization that exists.
This magnetization will depend on the size of the dipole moments of the atoms in a substance and the degree to which the dipole moments are aligned with each other. Here we can mention iron, which has or exhibits very marked magnetic properties, due to the alignment of the magnetic moments of its atoms within certain regions called "Domains".
There is an alloy of Boron, iron and neodymium, (NdFeB), which have their domains aligned and are used to make permanent magnets. The strong magnetic field produced by a typical three millimeter thick magnet made of this material is comparable to an electromagnet made from a copper loop that carries a current of several thousand amperes. In comparison, the current in a typical light bulb is 0,5 amps.
Magnetic Moment
The magnetization M of a body is caused by circulating electric currents or elementary atomic magnetic moments, and is defined as the magnetic moment per unit of volume of such currents or moments. In the mks (SI) system of units, M is measured in webers per square meter.
On the other hand, it is necessary to know the effect that magnetization has on the physical properties of substances, among which we can mention: electrical resistance, specific heat and elastic tension.
Magnetic field
What shows that there is a magnetic field is the force that is exerted on those charges that are in motion, this force deflects the particles without changing their speed.
This can be observed, for example, in the torque in a compass needle that acts to align the needle with the earth's magnetic field, said needle is a thin piece of iron that has been magnetized. One extreme is often called the north pole and the other extreme south pole, therefore the force between both poles is attractive, while the force between similar poles is repulsive.
Characteristics of the cmagnetic field
Said magnetic field can be called Magnetic Flux Density or Magnetic Induction, and it will always be symbolized by the letter B. A fundamental property of a magnetic field is that its flux through any closed surface vanishes. (A closed surface is one that completely surrounds a volume.) This is expressed mathematically by div B = 0 and can be physically understood in terms of the field lines that represent B.
Magnetic fields are measured in units of tesla (T). (Another commonly used unit of measure for B is the gauss, although it is no longer considered a standard unit. One gauss equals 10-4 teslas).
In this sense, a magnetic field it is quite different from an electric field. Electric field lines can begin and end with a charge.
The most common source of magnetic fields is the electrical current circuit. It can be an electric current in a circular conductor or the motion of an orbiting electron in an atom. Associated with both types of current loops is a magnetic dipole moment, whose value is iA, the product of current i and the area of loop A.
Also, electrons, protons, and neutrons in atoms have an associated magnetic dipole with its intrinsic twist; Such magnetic dipole moments represent another important source of magnetic fields.
A particle with a magnetic dipole moment is often called a magnetic dipole. (A magnetic dipole can be thought of as a small bar magnet. It has the same magnetic field as that magnet and behaves in the same way in external magnetic fields.)
When placed in an external magnetic field, a magnetic dipole can be attached to a torque that tends to align it with the field; if the external field is not uniform, the dipole can also be subjected to a force.
Magnetization Methods
Direct contact:
It is the most used, simply rub one end of the material, either iron or steel with one of the poles of the magnet, while rubbing the other end with the other pole. While it is true that this is easily demonstrated, we must also know that the different Magnetic materials require different energies of magnetization, so it is important to know the amount of energy required to fully saturate the magnets during this process.
Induction:
Very small steel or iron bars are approached to a fairly powerful magnet, then a cable is wound on a piece of iron, what we call "coil", this procedure will generate a phenomenon known as electromagnet, attracting the small particles to the magnet. It is necessary to clarify that the phenomenon of attraction occurs only while the electric current is moving.
These lines always close in on themselves, so if they go into a certain volume at some point, they must also leave that volume. In this sense, a magnetic field is quite different from an electric field. Electric field lines can begin and end with a charge.