Fitacciyar gudummawar Aristotle ga kimiyya da bil'adama

Gudunmawar da Aristotle Sun haifar da gagarumin canji a bangarori daban-daban da ya yi jawabi, tunda duk da cewa waɗannan tuni an yi karatun su ko kuma suna da ɗan sani, wannan masanin kimiyya ne, masanin falsafa da masanin tunani ne ya bincika su ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa; tare da abin da ya gudanar da bincike mai ban mamaki na lokacin.

Menene gudummawar Aristotle bisa ga yankin?

A cikin yankuna ko filayen da yayi aiki zamu iya samu ilmin taurari, ilmin halitta, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin kimiyyar halittu, falsafa, dabaru, ilimin lissafi da magana. Hakanan, sananne ne cewa wannan polymath din ya sami nasarar rubuta rubuce rubuce sama da dari da hamsin, amma guda talatin ne kawai aka samu.

Hankali

Asalin "dabaru" an jingina shi gare shi, tunda wannan shi ne farkon aiwatar da bincike kan nau'ikan dalilai na tunani. Bugu da kari, yana da ban sha'awa yadda, bayan wannan binciken, ci gaba ba ya tafiya da baya ko ci gaba a wannan fannin shekaru da yawa daga baya.

Syllogism

Babbar gudummawa ga dabaru, ban da gano shi, shine ƙirƙirar ƙirar tsarin aiki da tsarin aiki gaba ɗaya. A cewar marubucin, ana iya kiran waɗannan masu zuwa:

Jawabin da a ciki, ya kafa wasu abubuwa, dole ya zama sakamakon su, saboda su abin da suke, wani abu ne daban. Misali, "dukkan mutane mai mutuwa ne" kuma "duk Helenawa mutane ne", wanda zai kawo sakamakon cewa “saboda haka, duk Helenawa masu mutuwa ne".

Ka'idar ingantaccen bayani (syllogistics)

Wannan ka'idar tana ba da izinin ingancin tsarin kalmomin, waɗanda ke da siffofi daban-daban amma an haɗa su da tsari iri ɗaya: akwai batun magana da mai iya magana; a lokaci guda kuma yana da shawarwari guda uku (gabatarwa 2 da kuma kammalawa 1).

Icsabi'a

A cikin ɗabi'a akwai kuma gudummawa da yawa daga Aristotle, wanda ya kasu zuwa ayyuka daban-daban. Omabi'ar Nicomachean, Eudamia da Manyan Ethabi'a; wanda tare suka zama litattafai 15. A cewarsa, wannan mai binciken ya yi tunanin cewa ayyukan da mutane suka aiwatar yana da kyakkyawar manufa iri ɗaya, ma'ana, cewa duk wani aiki da mutum zai yi yana yi ne don wani abu na musamman.

Falsafar siyasa

Aristotle, amintaccen mai imani da jin dadin jama'a, ya kirkiro falsafar siyasa bisa tsarin gwamnati, tunda a cewarsa, Jiha wata al'umma ce da ke da muradin ci gaban jama'a baki daya; Saboda haka, gwargwadon ayyukansu, za'a iya samun Jihohi iri daban-daban gwargwadon binciken nagarta.

Ana kiran gwamnatocin siyasa da ke neman alherin 'yan ƙasarsu dimokiradiyya (idan da yawa za su yi mulki), masarauta (idan' yan ƙalilan ne ke mulki) da tsarin sarauta (idan mutum ɗaya ne ke mulki); alhali kuwa waɗanda ba sa neman alheri ana kiran su azzalumai (in dai mutum ɗaya ne ke mulki), ɓarna (ɓatanci na dimokiradiyya) da oligarchy (ƙasƙantar da aristocracy).

Kimiyya

Gudummawar da Aristotle ya bayar a fannonin kimiyya daban-daban ya taimaka matuka ga ci gaban su, kamar yadda yake a cikin ilimin taurari, ilmin halitta, tsirrai da tsirrai.

• A kimiyyar lissafi ya ba da gudummawar ka'idar abubuwa biyar (ruwa, ƙasa, iska, wuta da ether), wanda ya bayyana asalin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin. Wannan yana aiki har juyin juya halin kimiyya ya fara godiya ga gudummawar Galileo Galilei.
• A ilmin taurari, a daya bangaren, ka'idar nazarin halittu ta bayyana yadda duniya take tsakiyar duniya kuma tana nan yadda take. Koyaya, yana aiki ne kawai har zuwa zuwan ka'idar Copernican sannan daga baya Galileo ya karyata shi.
• A ilmin halitta, ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin mahaifin kimiyya; tun da ya yi rubutu game da adadi mai yawa na jinsin daki-daki, kamar halayensu, hankalinsu, aikin jikinsu da kuma haihuwarsu.

Botany da kuma Ilimin dabbobi

A fannin ilimin tsirrai, Aristotle rarraba masarautar tsire-tsire zuwa tsire-tsire masu furanni da waɗanda ba su da, don haka sauƙaƙa daga baya masu ilimin tsirrai da masu binciken ilimin yanayin ƙasa.

A nasa bangaren, a fannin ilimin dabbobi masanin ya karanci dabbobi ne har ma da ilimin halittu; kawai wannan bisa ga karatun, ya sami damar rarraba su zuwa cikin ɓarna da ƙananan dabbobi (bisa ga jini da jini).

Bugu da kari, wannan rabe-raben kuma yana da rarrabuwa, tare da dabbobi marasa jini mollusks, eutoma, ostracoderms da malacostraceans; yayin da dabbobi masu jini suka kasance kifin mai rai da rai, tsuntsaye, masu quadrupeds.

Gudummawar Aristotle na da mahimmanci ga ci gaban duk fannonin da ya rufe, don haka ba tare da shi ba, ƙila binciken zai iya zama daga baya ko kuma ba mu da ilimin da jama'a ke da shi a yau.