Mipiro yakatanhamara yaAristotle yesainzi nehunhu

Mipiro ye Aristotle Izvo zvakakonzera shanduko yakakosha munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzaakataura, nekuti kunyangwe hazvo nenyaya yekuti idzi dzakange dzatove dzakadzidzwa kana kuve neruzivo, aive uyu musayendisiti, muzivi uye logician akavatsvaga nenzira yakarongeka; yaakakwanisa nayo kuwana zvinoshamisa panguva iyoyo.

Ndezvipi zvipo zveAristotle maererano nenzvimbo?

Mukati medzimbo kana ndima dzaakashanda tinogona kuwana nyeredzi, bhayoroji, fizikisi, aesthetics, uzivi, pfungwa, metaphysics uye kutaura. Nekudaro, zvinozivikanwa kuti iyi polymath yakakwanisa kunyora zvinyorwa zvinopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu, asi makumi matatu chete acho akawanikwa.

Zvine musoro

Kwatakabva "pfungwa" kwakanzi kwaari, nekuti uyu ndiye aive wekutanga kuita ongororo pamhando dzakasiyana dzekufunga. Uye zvakare, zvinonakidza kuti, mushure mekuwanikwa uku, kufambira mberi hakuna kudzokera kumashure kana kumberi mune ino ndima makore mazhinji gare gare.

Syllogisms

Mupiro mukuru kumafungiro, pamusoro pekuzviwana, kwaive kugadzira iyo syllogisms uye syllogistics mune zvese. Sekureva kwemunyori, zvinotevera zvinogona kunzi syllogism:

Iyo hurukuro umo, yakagadzika zvimwe zvinhu, zvinokonzeresa kubva kwavari, nekuti ndizvo zvavari, chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, "vanhu vese vanofa" uye "maGiriki ese vanhu", izvo zvaizounza semhedzisiro yekuti "saka, maGiriki ese anofa".

Dzidziso yechokwadi inoteedzerwa (syllogistics)

Iyi dzidziso inobvumidza kusimbiswa kwemapoka echimiro, ayo ane mafomu akasiyana asi akaumbwa nemamiriro akafanana: pane chidzidzo uye chirevo; panguva imwechete iyo iinewo matatu ezvikamu zvirevo (2 nzvimbo uye 1 mhedziso).

Maitiro

Mune hutsika kwaivewo nemipiro yakati wandei naAristotle, iyo yakakamurwa kuita akasiyana mabasa. Iyo Nicomachean Ethics, Eudamia uye iyo Great Ethics; ayo pamwe chete anoumba mabhuku gumi nemashanu. Sekureva kwake, uyu muongorori akafunga kuti chiitiko chinoitwa nevanhu chine chakanaka chakafanana, ndiko kuti, chero chiito chinoitwa nemunhu chinoitirwa chimwe chakanakira.

Zvematongerwo enyika uzivi

Aristotle. Naizvozvo, maererano nemabasa avo, panogona kuve nemhando dzakasiyana dzeHurumende zvinoenderana nekutsvaga kwezvakanaka.

Hurumende dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinotsvaga zvakanakira vagari vadzo dzinodaidzwa kuti democracy (kana vazhinji vachitonga), aristocracy (kana vashoma vachitonga) uye monarchy (kana mumwe chete achitonga); nepo avo vasingatsvage zvakanaka vanonzi hudzvanyiriri (kana mumwe chete achitonga), demagoguery (huori hweruzhinji) uye oligarchy (kudzikisira kwevakuru vakuru).

Sayenzi

Mipiro yaAristotle mune dzakasiyana sainzi yaive yekubatsira kukuru mukusimudzira kwavo, senge mune nyeredzi, bhayoroji, bhotani uye zoology.

• Mune fizikiki akapa iyo dzidziso yezvinhu zvishanu (mvura, pasi, mweya, moto uye ether), izvo zvakatsanangura mavambo ezviitiko zvakaonekwa panguva iyoyo. Izvi zvaive zvichishanda kudzamara shanduko yesainzi yatanga kuvonga kuna mipiro yaGalileo Galilei.
• Mune nyeredzi, kune rimwe divi, iyo geocentric dzidziso yakatsanangura kuti pasi raive sei nzvimbo yepakati uye zvakasara zvakamira. Nekudaro, zvaingove kushanda kusvika kusvika kwedzidziso yeCopernican uye gare gare kuramba kwaGalileo.
• Mu biology, izvi zvinoonekwa se baba wesainzi; kubvira zvaakanyora nezvenhamba yakakura kwazvo yezvisikwa zvakadzama, senge maitiro avo, ungwaru, anatomi uye kubereka.

Bhotani uye Zoology

Mumunda webhodani, Aristotle akaronga umambo hwezvirimwa muzvirimwa zvaive nemaruva uye izvo zvisina.

Kune rake divi, mune zoology musayendisiti akadzidza mhuka pamwe nere biology; izvi chete maererano nezvidzidzo, zvakakwanisa kuzvipatsanura kuva nemhuka dzesingaiti uye dzemhuka (maererano nevasina ropa neropa).

Uye zvakare, uku kupatsanurwa kwaivewo nezvikamu, nemhuka dzisina ropa dziri iyo mollusks, eutoma, ostracoderms uye malacostraceans; apo mhuka dzine ropa dzaive viviparous uye oviparous hove, shiri, mana.

Mipiro yaAristotle yainyanya kukosha mukusimudzira kwenzvimbo dzese dzaakafukidza, saka pasina iye, pamwe zvakawanikwa zvingadai zvakazotevera kana isu taisazove neruzivo rwunowanikwa neveruzhinji nhasi.